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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# P4 U% Y$ G& D' O' E) E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% M9 d0 N2 u2 i6 A! o7 b1 n n4 w& Q
Exposure to Testosterone
0 I: l2 ^7 x8 M6 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 b3 q. _3 U% |. m& U0 u( m
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 n: ?# s* {$ s/ f3 s8 V/ t: zClinical Pediatrics- q" `& J `3 U. k: U
Volume 46 Number 65 e; y& X. H) _4 K O
July 2007 540-543" s6 F% `$ [2 Q P( A m6 w
© 2007 Sage Publications2 v( J$ c/ h. e$ e: n
10.1177/00099228062966516 c# L0 P1 x) e
http://clp.sagepub.com
- Y$ h9 O# c0 X9 Ahosted at
: b, T" w% m) |http://online.sagepub.com
) I/ x2 e7 |2 h8 s) J5 L/ N0 \& I3 K9 zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* j1 q$ H. n% J- q9 T1 k2 Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central* X- K( a- h2 t, P7 @5 ? ` C
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! ?. ?, p/ r x' n5 o& `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' @8 K7 b' [5 ~! Y" z; Q; `
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- m/ t: Q$ L( ^6 L" Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ {' q/ k* l/ N. }9 R% X: x8 J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; w/ q0 @, A6 H9 F/ G0 Q: O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 t3 b8 u @7 Q# |! |. E* B3 }+ bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 u: _) H* i- U* ~' ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 o+ ~- o, B9 A* Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" N/ c* P/ k! V7 Z; g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 N# E8 S: g ? L; t" ?
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 ]* ?$ d1 n N# ^2 h% ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 X% @+ a5 [0 [, B+ C
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! ~* d3 g, \& K, v4 ^9 G' r
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 T/ k! E- x$ ^% i& [" Ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; o7 @/ ^' w8 b
bly more common than the rare case report in the7 R& v+ @4 _5 E; k' a# a
literature.4+ ?: ^& ^6 R$ i# Y4 A
Patient Report
6 w" h8 s- G. L/ QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% U- u5 d! V2 b3 t6 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; k& O2 _* X; l J& Y% R" t
of early sexual development. His mother noticed, [! ~4 W) P# c6 g. X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' v* c' @+ `) y# F& `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 G# r( k; A% n9 z: q- B: v7 V4 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 J4 v8 @5 G, y2 zAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 y2 ]# Y, C! }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. M6 M7 l8 _9 R O) E) B6 GMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 l) t8 A7 H/ S6 Z+ y( me-mail: [email protected].! j% U4 B1 U# k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 d. e/ A' Q; h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 X1 \6 ]/ j: g' V7 J
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' }8 h2 r9 \8 C; {2 e+ @3 s# G: Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 ]9 t }" ?# P$ g6 ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 l4 F( |; x b' ^2 Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 N9 R6 g- ^2 [+ v5 I) {% r1 J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) [* D0 Y' g! t) ~3 hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 U, o$ x/ N" l; {' g0 z7 W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 U3 [6 t. I9 mwas age appropriate.
" e" u b+ m _3 cThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 o" p: H- [5 C0 ~5 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! n9 I" i9 b3 }7 U+ w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ d6 `. B- {' p/ p+ e/ ~( T- dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ r4 ]! h, w) J$ j! Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) K8 |1 u6 q- ^/ U/ v8 @4 z* O
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ u$ C1 f6 Z" Z$ E5 X' ?' q- Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche L. U9 d4 f. [+ ]1 t7 r! X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; u1 N! z9 n7 u0 e; w1 x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- X* F4 }& r$ |$ I9 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% S2 J' b3 O5 i4 Ptives. There were no siblings.
0 Y, }5 X/ m0 w# ePhysical Examination
8 M8 }% ]1 M; H) [# e N) z4 l! h# nThe physical examination revealed a very active,4 F. G' h3 q1 N. Q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 S# k3 T3 c8 A# na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( q, T/ w9 O8 c# Q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 P1 M6 v# N$ {+ ^- t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& Z9 C& e. l# C. q+ i3 Y! O; w) O9 uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 ~3 H4 B6 y+ N1 T, R1 U' @
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. p% r7 z7 \0 s3 z7 C1 x+ g L! c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, t2 n% W% |7 a: }/ v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. r( g0 `! x; d- `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: ^ N* I# C' E* }3 q4 _7 b$ adeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* \& b+ x1 i7 N# S7 Q6 ^7 m540
8 x5 q# w: Z1 O: Q3 `5 P# N0 gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& Z3 P/ `! Y# s, Y; s9 N9 B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% w0 H) p& }2 {+ b+ m- Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% a; u" |, b1 S' S1 }. CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ }( {! ?! i" g" ]+ @oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# e9 |7 Q* k1 n; O2 ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 Y' ^5 N$ ~2 g M% l9 w- ]1 xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 N4 C. J% d6 U0 j* M+ C# J, Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# }9 k) I' R' L
of papilledema.- j3 e+ O- B" s5 C
Laboratory Evaluation
: w3 A* }0 Z( g1 {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
& ?# D( Y6 F) U. Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 [7 _1 G/ D( g- ~) \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' k) u4 r& v6 R$ Y5 E9 f4 S. }: ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, z. g! c+ H/ f0 v1 a$ l, Gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 _' ?% ]; n' h+ j a2 C" Z( Mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" g7 O# ^) V" CThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 Y8 V, `* O/ `% g0 A$ \" g5 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 Z! ~& @ n8 _4 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ f; W5 H' g. h T# C& }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. b& K1 b3 W/ f+ b5 s- V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! ^" A+ ` y; s. s) {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 f+ o2 B. P# _0 v/ X! Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 O' r; }2 Y+ |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( Y8 y2 ~3 B/ @" L; u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 x4 j2 e8 q0 k! i. w8 Z8 {4 y
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ m" y ?% e& B$ K7 P: A
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; V( R2 o; t# n$ r8 T5 Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, }9 F( k5 E7 Z5 v8 ?
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# \+ K6 A' g) w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& S1 W* n* R" N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 @/ z# _- v) Y" x' t! R" n
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% }) m" m, [9 B! U7 n5 N" _
(prepubertal).
0 i$ ]- b T+ C' L% G3 ?5 gThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ E S9 G& o/ presults and were informed that all of the tests were
' s9 p f7 d0 y- i3 w, Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The( W( |! A1 T" ?0 j4 X0 \; f
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 Y4 {8 o' \1 W5 X; t: [: A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ B0 _% Y0 A$ X, p& b& [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( G* W- F. _8 @* E2 G6 JPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 A0 K8 w0 I; b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 S0 K& b! \- m. y) K6 }/ I# h, }3 ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 g+ m. j) L- q0 {, c& @- U+ b1 @: w8 g* Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 S% N9 V0 Q5 ~# n+ {# @& \5 @ gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* M# z( |1 g8 b4 V- ~& [9 r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& K0 v% z u4 i' j4 J$ C0 ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- H* m1 \3 K: x2 `( {) C# {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ m' ]" k6 z6 Ming frequent erections.' M% S; d1 w! R, `1 R
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 ~' ~2 A5 \1 q1 p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 L/ q9 {7 L" r- j8 ~- u
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% @: E {' f% ^, j# J7 @* ?/ jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# L+ V! @2 ^( s3 [8 u( U# muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: v. p/ w3 x: ^/ |+ E3 H- Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 W+ Q$ a& R O# P5 o Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* ^" V% }8 H9 _! e; Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" b( [! J1 p, d8 z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' m0 n2 Z5 y9 Z5 W( R, k+ S6 v: q
secondary to depression.
: X; x, f! I# J3 p D+ ~0 m4 dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 @: s2 Z+ q* tThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* j' Z& p# m/ _- G+ [- gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 T' ~5 ^3 X) ]0 p% \& Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' e. w% c, P9 {- q3 N6 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,- b6 Z8 c& y( ]2 S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ {" o# B& }8 W9 O7 o+ fwas high, he then read the product information
$ c0 n' T( R6 V2 npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: ~1 s- L, b' p0 X e- b
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! a. A% ]0 e- G7 X4 O" K, idecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 y# [! d9 }% r2 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 D6 z! O* F1 `! l; {& i* P, sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 D9 W3 o8 ~ Ktest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ O# N3 I( B( Z( S
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 F! e. i2 T( iDiscussion' F6 d. t9 K% u5 ]$ j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary O. _) h4 ]8 j* j# G) H1 V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 b7 r$ Y8 P& E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# a4 U4 n" X# p# c; D K/ i
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" Z0 }1 w: E6 h! [( Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ o! h4 _& J$ e# a, O1 L, Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( H% y5 g" L: v3 m& M
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( z. r+ v' P' Z3 c7 n' R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" E% u+ M1 k, h" n$ i+ f: Yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& z$ W/ ^$ p$ E' `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ m; c8 \- b0 p
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 `, w4 c$ }8 p* [7 W9 Y+ J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, D' k. g7 @3 z4 xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 d8 d# |% ?; f4 |/ _" Wgonadotropins.1,3$ i8 @4 E7 M4 P3 T2 L& m% `- f
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; G7 S+ |4 X1 a5 \8 kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 _& u7 a1 ]& s/ S% Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 h+ W% J4 b W4 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: i/ G& E% |3 ]! D* B& ?
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) j, i$ |. u: ^) k$ Z1 Z0 mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; z6 O C; m! J$ m& u) C9 T( J
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! F8 I( p6 q4 S% R; { x' rpuberty in boys.3,48 j- \) K3 r$ m' k( B' c1 G) O
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 t; `# r& W" |+ ^6 [6 Z# F/ M% ?- v1 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# f+ V, o. v% G1 }2 E& m! ~3 A3 G
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* J# w# K2 B9 J! W: e; ?" Zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( y0 F" S4 x+ @3 ?7 Y# g+ d; ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- f- n4 K5 {! q( ?3 r+ f
excess.1,3
7 `% G5 X! u' Q5 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. l! R9 Y% S0 u4 _0 f6 K542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007% f5 Y/ @9 H" ]: b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ n5 T6 E3 T$ h" y9 x7 W, }independent precocious puberty, which is also known s, D7 d( W6 ?! q4 e" n
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ Q* Q" [) L I3 F# L2 L
very young age. The physical findings in these boys( p! z% u7 T4 t. b6 ~$ H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 f t7 t9 X3 ^. f! a3 B( ]( z( E2 @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ e5 o9 x$ s* K. l, M- ~* U8 F' z: nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- q- \! y9 `3 C. m8 s: s. xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 V: P1 s Z9 Q, L1 K9 [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 M+ o8 l, u' k7 Z" v1 R* n4 m0 a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 i' }& [: b* d$ Q- d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( r7 f/ ^: _% {3 i# a& \" Z( k
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 [0 X* T/ b. t! \- pmay have similar precocious puberty.3
s* ]# I, }5 `" a* w7 T2 N: _In our patient, physical examination was incon-
: p" N8 K o) _, f$ q+ E) R0 Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 b: p7 Q+ v" F, s& s' Bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* B ]1 `; ]! H" }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' j/ |1 d$ s8 e, F: Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' M( l5 D; Q/ i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! \- W; _! _$ [ B% l! O* P/ `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
- l! ~* l0 _+ ~- U) vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 b6 Z" g! k$ f( ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; [0 d' S: e/ A4 o W* L1 u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& N j( T% l6 l' i1 W: o) pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. Q/ S, ]. f: Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ _2 H6 J1 Z, J- c' i* k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
1 ]$ w; B' ~' m; I/ c# {; ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 }* O0 n& g3 w5 b# ^0 |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-% W% Y) f; j( }$ t& E Z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. F7 W4 q5 D2 @+ x, k- [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% {8 ^) r5 v$ ^; r: {' G1 Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 X3 l( \* V1 J! I6 i% musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 Q- W% W% ~4 f. p' J oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ h* q' F6 c( h |2 Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 w1 O& a |, {+ lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 @/ |! B4 A9 A. ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) [3 U- U- n4 v6 O4 ~5 C" x+ C2 P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 R4 O$ O( {9 @" `. r$ A* seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 _% _# e9 B" e! V
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& l+ m0 \4 D+ f, s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' Z- C3 ?7 X7 a) E: hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* X$ a3 J2 p3 g# J4 ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# @0 ~$ C5 @; V+ r' |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& _% R: r) S% z, @" I& p
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ U3 ~' K' L& R2 N+ y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! @* L! P. Y, r. ~9 \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 B' l+ {$ g, Y3 `; vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- _$ L% h3 y% V p+ h0 r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 {* x* k) X- qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; x k5 H! q& ?7 s: D7 eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' h: L, e6 ^$ |& i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ u3 ]$ v6 ]7 ~! A. o
early childhood on pubertal development and final# V& q* ?; t5 d4 q5 W1 J) W3 h
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 X& u, _7 U# O% r, ?4 D* V; s w; A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ H- s6 w7 d& P. zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some$ a3 s+ [6 ^0 ~5 \! n# r- O$ S7 m9 f
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 y9 |2 S) y q ~" X* Q/ _6 ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# F2 K+ G/ ^" N4 q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 U4 v3 u8 C5 G. a3 RThere are conflicting reports and controversy
$ E! J( `7 E( o3 v% Z& X' Z+ M% `over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 I, J, t/ J2 G. I$ J m8 V( u# p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! T2 S' f$ D! \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 x/ `# {# B! H+ G3 ]0 x: i: Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& K5 g U9 e. Q8 [& _Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between F9 \7 k! `$ N( I* j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' H# T5 ~- o1 g4 v, B" B8 T
penile length in clinical studies.
! ]6 {7 O: t7 H0 E) c- I0 ^( DNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ _$ \$ V9 _/ e& M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 E. G9 t$ p+ J4 ]% z8 Z$ |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ C- g& H; P- mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" ?; P0 o! o3 X% D eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 N: w, o/ C1 T: Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( ?' ]7 P4 i& J+ B; n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
l) _0 S: ]4 j6 R) pheight will not be affected.3 k- D, |* k4 w. T% b0 r
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ {& U+ ?* d' z0 }
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 ?$ b1 C' w2 iindeed cause more virilization in male or female# I9 ^ \9 E/ \1 e" s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 [- d; ?2 b; l% j. e2 K
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
- ?8 ]0 V N e& u1 Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or' A1 H, k' U- K3 I% y
gel should be asked of the family members during6 N! G( P- x3 M# E* l7 C
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 S9 U! t. O: V# V" ^ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. ~- I" r. M5 v8 H2 j; Q7 f0 Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; Y* M# f1 i4 g eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 B* i* M# J3 A# Q3 G+ t3 }: Jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ S* p2 e! i, v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 W" q+ m1 s4 y: v( s& G* L
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 w0 \2 N/ @7 ^! `8 j. F K$ B" d, N0 faware of this fact, because most of these children
r0 w; p- O, C0 O: dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- l; s5 g' r/ }% P& X% V6 w/ Q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a3 r$ q- v0 ]7 `8 j8 M% ]+ S
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& l" i; w' s/ U' G
female child who might come in contact with some-
, r6 b( y$ Y9 c; j2 ione using any of these products.
8 j2 x7 G/ X( UReferences* m9 `2 {- K: L- _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! \2 J; D3 P3 W& _# x, z) B( eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! C% l g$ L# H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% g' x/ }8 I% f2002: 565-628.
' g6 R5 N! R2 o- H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" d) Q+ w5 ~9 r7 P0 m. D# p" A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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