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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# P4 U% Y$ G& D' O' E) E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% M9 d0 N2 u2 i6 A! o7 b1 n  n4 w& Q
Exposure to Testosterone
0 I: l2 ^7 x8 M6 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 b3 q. _3 U% |. m& U0 u( m
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 n: ?# s* {$ s/ f3 s8 V/ t: zClinical Pediatrics- q" `& J  `3 U. k: U
Volume 46 Number 65 e; y& X. H) _4 K  O
July 2007 540-543" s6 F% `$ [2 Q  P( A  m6 w
© 2007 Sage Publications2 v( J$ c/ h. e$ e: n
10.1177/00099228062966516 c# L0 P1 x) e
http://clp.sagepub.com
- Y$ h9 O# c0 X9 Ahosted at
: b, T" w% m) |http://online.sagepub.com
) I/ x2 e7 |2 h8 s) J5 L/ N0 \& I3 K9 zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* j1 q$ H. n% J- q9 T1 k2 Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central* X- K( a- h2 t, P7 @5 ?  `  C
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! ?. ?, p/ r  x' n5 o& `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' @8 K7 b' [5 ~! Y" z; Q; `
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- m/ t: Q$ L( ^6 L" Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ {' q/ k* l/ N. }9 R% X: x8 J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; w/ q0 @, A6 H9 F/ G0 Q: O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 t3 b8 u  @7 Q# |! |. E* B3 }+ bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 u: _) H* i- U* ~' ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 o+ ~- o, B9 A* Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" N/ c* P/ k! V7 Z; g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 N# E8 S: g  ?  L; t" ?
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 ]* ?$ d1 n  N# ^2 h% ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 X% @+ a5 [0 [, B+ C
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! ~* d3 g, \& K, v4 ^9 G' r
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 T/ k! E- x$ ^% i& [" Ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; o7 @/ ^' w8 b
bly more common than the rare case report in the7 R& v+ @4 _5 E; k' a# a
literature.4+ ?: ^& ^6 R$ i# Y4 A
Patient Report
6 w" h8 s- G. L/ QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% U- u5 d! V2 b3 t6 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; k& O2 _* X; l  J& Y% R" t
of early sexual development. His mother noticed, [! ~4 W) P# c6 g. X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' v* c' @+ `) y# F& `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 G# r( k; A% n9 z: q- B: v7 V4 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 J4 v8 @5 G, y2 zAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 y2 ]# Y, C! }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. M6 M7 l8 _9 R  O) E) B6 GMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 l) t8 A7 H/ S6 Z+ y( me-mail: [email protected].! j% U4 B1 U# k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 d. e/ A' Q; h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 X1 \6 ]/ j: g' V7 J
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' }8 h2 r9 \8 C; {2 e+ @3 s# G: Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 ]9 t  }" ?# P$ g6 ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 l4 F( |; x  b' ^2 Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 N9 R6 g- ^2 [+ v5 I) {% r1 J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) [* D0 Y' g! t) ~3 hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 U, o$ x/ N" l; {' g0 z7 W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 U3 [6 t. I9 mwas age appropriate.
" e" u  b+ m  _3 cThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 o" p: H- [5 C0 ~5 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! n9 I" i9 b3 }7 U+ w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ d6 `. B- {' p/ p+ e/ ~( T- dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ r4 ]! h, w) J$ j! Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) K8 |1 u6 q- ^/ U/ v8 @4 z* O
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ u$ C1 f6 Z" Z$ E5 X' ?' q- Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  L. U9 d4 f. [+ ]1 t7 r! X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; u1 N! z9 n7 u0 e; w1 x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- X* F4 }& r$ |$ I9 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% S2 J' b3 O5 i4 Ptives. There were no siblings.
0 Y, }5 X/ m0 w# ePhysical Examination
8 M8 }% ]1 M; H) [# e  N) z4 l! h# nThe physical examination revealed a very active,4 F. G' h3 q1 N. Q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 S# k3 T3 c8 A# na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( q, T/ w9 O8 c# Q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 P1 M6 v# N$ {+ ^- t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& Z9 C& e. l# C. q+ i3 Y! O; w) O9 uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 ~3 H4 B6 y+ N1 T, R1 U' @
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. p% r7 z7 \0 s3 z7 C1 x+ g  L! c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, t2 n% W% |7 a: }/ v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. r( g0 `! x; d- `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: ^  N* I# C' E* }3 q4 _7 b$ adeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* \& b+ x1 i7 N# S7 Q6 ^7 m540
8 x5 q# w: Z1 O: Q3 `5 P# N0 gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& Z3 P/ `! Y# s, Y; s9 N9 B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% w0 H) p& }2 {+ b+ m- Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% a; u" |, b1 S' S1 }. CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ }( {! ?! i" g" ]+ @oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# e9 |7 Q* k1 n; O2 ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 Y' ^5 N$ ~2 g  M% l9 w- ]1 xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 N4 C. J% d6 U0 j* M+ C# J, Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# }9 k) I' R' L
of papilledema.- j3 e+ O- B" s5 C
Laboratory Evaluation
: w3 A* }0 Z( g1 {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
& ?# D( Y6 F) U. Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 [7 _1 G/ D( g- ~) \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' k) u4 r& v6 R$ Y5 E9 f4 S. }: ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, z. g! c+ H/ f0 v1 a$ l, Gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 _' ?% ]; n' h+ j  a2 C" Z( Mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" g7 O# ^) V" CThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 Y8 V, `* O/ `% g0 A$ \" g5 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 Z! ~& @  n8 _4 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ f; W5 H' g. h  T# C& }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. b& K1 b3 W/ f+ b5 s- V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! ^" A+ `  y; s. s) {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 f+ o2 B. P# _0 v/ X! Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 O' r; }2 Y+ |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( Y8 y2 ~3 B/ @" L; u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 x4 j2 e8 q0 k! i. w8 Z8 {4 y
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ m" y  ?% e& B$ K7 P: A
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; V( R2 o; t# n$ r8 T5 Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, }9 F( k5 E7 Z5 v8 ?
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# \+ K6 A' g) w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& S1 W* n* R" N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 @/ z# _- v) Y" x' t! R" n
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% }) m" m, [9 B! U7 n5 N" _
(prepubertal).
0 i$ ]- b  T+ C' L% G3 ?5 gThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ E  S9 G& o/ presults and were informed that all of the tests were
' s9 p  f7 d0 y- i3 w, Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The( W( |! A1 T" ?0 j4 X0 \; f
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 Y4 {8 o' \1 W5 X; t: [: A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ B0 _% Y0 A$ X, p& b& [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( G* W- F. _8 @* E2 G6 JPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 A0 K8 w0 I; b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 S0 K& b! \- m. y) K6 }/ I# h, }3 ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 g+ m. j) L- q0 {, c& @- U+ b1 @: w8 g* Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 S% N9 V0 Q5 ~# n+ {# @& \5 @  gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* M# z( |1 g8 b4 V- ~& [9 r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& K0 v% z  u4 i' j4 J$ C0 ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- H* m1 \3 K: x2 `( {) C# {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ m' ]" k6 z6 Ming frequent erections.' M% S; d1 w! R, `1 R
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 ~' ~2 A5 \1 q1 p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 L/ q9 {7 L" r- j8 ~- u
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% @: E  {' f% ^, j# J7 @* ?/ jTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# L+ V! @2 ^( s3 [8 u( U# muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: v. p/ w3 x: ^/ |+ E3 H- Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 W+ Q$ a& R  O# P5 o  Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* ^" V% }8 H9 _! e; Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" b( [! J1 p, d8 z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' m0 n2 Z5 y9 Z5 W( R, k+ S6 v: q
secondary to depression.
: X; x, f! I# J3 p  D+ ~0 m4 dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 @: s2 Z+ q* tThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* j' Z& p# m/ _- G+ [- gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 T' ~5 ^3 X) ]0 p% \& Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' e. w% c, P9 {- q3 N6 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,- b6 Z8 c& y( ]2 S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ {" o# B& }8 W9 O7 o+ fwas high, he then read the product information
$ c0 n' T( R6 V2 npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: ~1 s- L, b' p0 X  e- b
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! a. A% ]0 e- G7 X4 O" K, idecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 y# [! d9 }% r2 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 D6 z! O* F1 `! l; {& i* P, sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 D9 W3 o8 ~  Ktest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ O# N3 I( B( Z( S
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 F! e. i2 T( iDiscussion' F6 d. t9 K% u5 ]$ j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  O. _) h4 ]8 j* j# G) H1 V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 b7 r$ Y8 P& E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# a4 U4 n" X# p# c; D  K/ i
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" Z0 }1 w: E6 h! [( Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ o! h4 _& J$ e# a, O1 L, Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( H% y5 g" L: v3 m& M
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( z. r+ v' P' Z3 c7 n' R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" E% u+ M1 k, h" n$ i+ f: Yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& z$ W/ ^$ p$ E' `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ m; c8 \- b0 p
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 `, w4 c$ }8 p* [7 W9 Y+ J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, D' k. g7 @3 z4 xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 d8 d# |% ?; f4 |/ _" Wgonadotropins.1,3$ i8 @4 E7 M4 P3 T2 L& m% `- f
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; G7 S+ |4 X1 a5 \8 kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 _& u7 a1 ]& s/ S% Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 h+ W% J4 b  W4 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: i/ G& E% |3 ]! D* B& ?
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) j, i$ |. u: ^) k$ Z1 Z0 mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; z6 O  C; m! J$ m& u) C9 T( J
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! F8 I( p6 q4 S% R; {  x' rpuberty in boys.3,48 j- \) K3 r$ m' k( B' c1 G) O
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 t; `# r& W" |+ ^6 [6 Z# F/ M% ?- v1 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# f+ V, o. v% G1 }2 E& m! ~3 A3 G
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* J# w# K2 B9 J! W: e; ?" Zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( y0 F" S4 x+ @3 ?7 Y# g+ d; ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- f- n4 K5 {! q( ?3 r+ f
excess.1,3
7 `% G5 X! u' Q5 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. l! R9 Y% S0 u4 _0 f6 K542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007% f5 Y/ @9 H" ]: b
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ n5 T6 E3 T$ h" y9 x7 W, }independent precocious puberty, which is also known  s, D7 d( W6 ?! q4 e" n
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ Q* Q" [) L  I3 F# L2 L
very young age. The physical findings in these boys( p! z% u7 T4 t. b6 ~$ H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 f  t7 t9 X3 ^. f! a3 B( ]( z( E2 @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ e5 o9 x$ s* K. l, M- ~* U8 F' z: nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- q- \! y9 `3 C. m8 s: s. xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 V: P1 s  Z9 Q, L1 K9 [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 M+ o8 l, u' k7 Z" v1 R* n4 m0 a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 i' }& [: b* d$ Q- d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( r7 f/ ^: _% {3 i# a& \" Z( k
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 [0 X* T/ b. t! \- pmay have similar precocious puberty.3
  s* ]# I, }5 `" a* w7 T2 N: _In our patient, physical examination was incon-
: p" N8 K  o) _, f$ q+ E) R0 Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 b: p7 Q+ v" F, s& s' Bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* B  ]1 `; ]! H" }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' j/ |1 d$ s8 e, F: Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' M( l5 D; Q/ i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! \- W; _! _$ [  B% l! O* P/ `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
- l! ~* l0 _+ ~- U) vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 b6 Z" g! k$ f( ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; [0 d' S: e/ A4 o  W* L1 u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& N  j( T% l6 l' i1 W: o) pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. Q/ S, ]. f: Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ _2 H6 J1 Z, J- c' i* k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
1 ]$ w; B' ~' m; I/ c# {; ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 }* O0 n& g3 w5 b# ^0 |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-% W% Y) f; j( }$ t& E  Z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. F7 W4 q5 D2 @+ x, k- [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% {8 ^) r5 v$ ^; r: {' G1 Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 X3 l( \* V1 J! I6 i% musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 Q- W% W% ~4 f. p' J  oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ h* q' F6 c( h  |2 Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 w1 O& a  |, {+ lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 @/ |! B4 A9 A. ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) [3 U- U- n4 v6 O4 ~5 C" x+ C2 P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 R4 O$ O( {9 @" `. r$ A* seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 _% _# e9 B" e! V
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& l+ m0 \4 D+ f, s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' Z- C3 ?7 X7 a) E: hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* X$ a3 J2 p3 g# J4 ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# @0 ~$ C5 @; V+ r' |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& _% R: r) S% z, @" I& p
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ U3 ~' K' L& R2 N+ y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! @* L! P. Y, r. ~9 \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 B' l+ {$ g, Y3 `; vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- _$ L% h3 y% V  p+ h0 r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 {* x* k) X- qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; x  k5 H! q& ?7 s: D7 eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' h: L, e6 ^$ |& i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ u3 ]$ v6 ]7 ~! A. o
early childhood on pubertal development and final# V& q* ?; t5 d4 q5 W1 J) W3 h
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 X& u, _7 U# O% r, ?4 D* V; s  w; A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ H- s6 w7 d& P. zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some$ a3 s+ [6 ^0 ~5 \! n# r- O$ S7 m9 f
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 y9 |2 S) y  q  ~" X* Q/ _6 ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# F2 K+ G/ ^" N4 q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 U4 v3 u8 C5 G. a3 RThere are conflicting reports and controversy
$ E! J( `7 E( o3 v% Z& X' Z+ M% `over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 I, J, t/ J2 G. I$ J  m8 V( u# p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! T2 S' f$ D! \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 x/ `# {# B! H+ G3 ]0 x: i: Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& K5 g  U9 e. Q8 [& _Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  F9 \7 k! `$ N( I* j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' H# T5 ~- o1 g4 v, B" B8 T
penile length in clinical studies.
! ]6 {7 O: t7 H0 E) c- I0 ^( DNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ _$ \$ V9 _/ e& M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 E. G9 t$ p+ J4 ]% z8 Z$ |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ C- g& H; P- mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" ?; P0 o! o3 X% D  eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 N: w, o/ C1 T: Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( ?' ]7 P4 i& J+ B; n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  l) _0 S: ]4 j6 R) pheight will not be affected.3 k- D, |* k4 w. T% b0 r
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ {& U+ ?* d' z0 }
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 ?$ b1 C' w2 iindeed cause more virilization in male or female# I9 ^  \9 E/ \1 e" s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 [- d; ?2 b; l% j. e2 K
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
- ?8 ]0 V  N  e& u1 Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or' A1 H, k' U- K3 I% y
gel should be asked of the family members during6 N! G( P- x3 M# E* l7 C
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 S9 U! t. O: V# V" ^ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. ~- I" r. M5 v8 H2 j; Q7 f0 Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; Y* M# f1 i4 g  eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 B* i* M# J3 A# Q3 G+ t3 }: Jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ S* p2 e! i, v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 W" q+ m1 s4 y: v( s& G* L
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 w0 \2 N/ @7 ^! `8 j. F  K$ B" d, N0 faware of this fact, because most of these children
  r0 w; p- O, C0 O: dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- l; s5 g' r/ }% P& X% V6 w/ Q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a3 r$ q- v0 ]7 `8 j8 M% ]+ S
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& l" i; w' s/ U' G
female child who might come in contact with some-
, r6 b( y$ Y9 c; j2 ione using any of these products.
8 j2 x7 G/ X( UReferences* m9 `2 {- K: L- _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! \2 J; D3 P3 W& _# x, z) B( eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! C% l  g$ L# H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% g' x/ }8 I% f2002: 565-628.
' g6 R5 N! R2 o- H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" d) Q+ w5 ~9 r7 P0 m. D# p" A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: Y! M- ]1 s7 w6 G8 S4 q. n6 iBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
% T3 u7 s& S: ]% BExposure to Testosterone7 x; o- Z7 e. ?7 {. d, O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 V/ N  p3 Y; {8 X  `and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 h  H$ M0 G/ U+ q- O9 C! }1 B$ a
Clinical Pediatrics
) B8 F( S3 ?  NVolume 46 Number 69 x; P9 [+ h2 J: G& J
July 2007 540-543( b) a/ e* _8 d: Q" a# P2 K
© 2007 Sage Publications
) ~7 q5 X3 `5 m- n  S$ H( C10.1177/00099228062966512 y! J( J/ J2 ?
http://clp.sagepub.com
" e6 {. G7 a/ @% e7 a0 Ihosted at
/ K& r( J* @" ]+ ~, I* Mhttp://online.sagepub.com$ G# V$ X' c/ R6 z, o
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, f, i, T) f) u$ V% B. E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 S3 h2 I/ C. w% O% w$ Lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( d5 ^4 a# D$ q! o2 O& `4 Uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  O1 N% O4 g  N1 @" na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 E' A4 q# r* alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( B1 f7 ^, J4 x  I! \0 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" `& v9 Y1 S) V0 X
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
, r" s2 F/ z' |6 D8 g, kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( @, l( j. f) x% _  f5 f! ]- |6 Sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 {7 P' }' q" H* I* w
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- I3 M7 Q! T& \/ M  P1 `% C
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 _* S6 i3 V8 ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 K  ]) z9 r$ p1 G+ H
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-: e1 \" P; j  F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! W9 E0 f3 y! G9 Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 a" u! o  a: k7 p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" [- o0 b4 y/ |8 x! |* gbly more common than the rare case report in the/ @  j. q( E" N0 R, H
literature.4
& d* k+ h: L6 @Patient Report
% \( C7 l. B: oA 16-month-old white child was referred to the- |" Q9 E! |- j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% I6 H+ Z7 G; B! w* S' j
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& e% o/ W3 `. ^light colored pubic hair development when he was
% e% @$ k$ p* J) _( S8 O* m+ CFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" ?' V- p- e: \* v4 x
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% S0 Z+ W0 q; T) O) B% ]Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 U) B0 V% Q; nProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 \: V) C4 x9 ?
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. Q. t: \1 F, O" G  {1 Ve-mail: [email protected].; a  d4 w7 h! {
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 ^4 p( R* }. n% {' V" [
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( X2 N! c3 G1 z  B  F+ }5 T& z4 ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! h% V, C/ D; Q# v4 _7 Ewas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( X/ K; G5 T- k) p2 h
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( b# k! N4 q0 X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- J! q7 g4 _: S, e' rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# }1 ~* D1 c) n4 `% X
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( u2 V) L& d, Q  r- `9 J' cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 P; @5 r4 d* Iwas age appropriate.: f# N: ]2 ]: z& g+ @) W
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 m7 P0 D! k! ?( f
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
4 t1 Q1 M  P% S& q! Y5 @9 ?) w9 uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" U2 E2 [6 z( |" t
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( U( ]! I( n% @$ O: k2 e5 z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 C0 b! D  K3 ]/ ]9 G- pThe father denied taking any other medication. The# C$ ~/ g$ O" S  P6 B8 N
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& M4 ~; i1 u  k2 k9 s" t4 S# @was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 v, N$ q7 O( m# u0 \$ T8 u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 a0 ]; s7 B7 k, q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* g3 P# H7 L: m# s  t5 Gtives. There were no siblings.
) R& a5 K, }# r$ m4 c6 Y: `" gPhysical Examination
! ]- |" |5 z) X- h8 g( uThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" y6 X/ q' Q, r8 v( R) @" Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* R9 C" W& {: N$ u$ Q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" X( w" O) Q7 P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. J( |9 l( G8 k9 B3 T2 ?(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! H' V3 o8 E% n5 x7 H2 jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: F1 P3 x4 X# a% I; \' g. y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 V% t2 X2 Y6 H0 r  TThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ s; G# D( G& Z1 b( ?/ L3 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 t9 a& e7 u: S$ y. @8 z+ F
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 p' ~9 L- a" ]/ j. q0 ~developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ {5 U7 e+ E9 |% ?
540
! w0 y  F* Y8 W, E! _- [# Z: c7 M7 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 Z% K- J! v! ^$ F6 ?
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 \7 I% V0 D5 h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* G8 L, v5 _# C9 p/ r4 iThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 q5 q3 r& [/ Z( v; M6 C9 [
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) b2 L  T, m5 Z7 y' M  u* @; Jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; \. N# m+ b' i# O+ _( E3 ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( h2 B9 Q3 Y; }; i: p6 I! U; Qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, G. ]0 [" F* n; g( Wof papilledema.5 Z2 |& N5 b4 x( L8 t+ [
Laboratory Evaluation) g: ?2 M& v8 O' L; P* K. Y! e
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 r9 C8 Y1 l$ h9 o7 _0 G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' L+ X# A5 N1 w9 c1 J4 [1 ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 U. ^6 R$ ?0 B3 W7 nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 G7 \. a5 m: n; k/ w3 `- |6 @7 Xshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ j# A! T, _# N2 d1 M
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ d4 a, e! k+ ^4 d5 K$ B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 |# s+ ^  C- w$ u9 x0 w- o! Q8 C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; l" b9 Z1 y) y/ ~5 x' R
within normal range for his age. The concentration  N! s( O! L3 P' K% F( X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 x' k( @: h, P7 E
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 \; T% M3 A" |% S* N4 N. ~. g9 N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* t% u; g  {. ?6 ~  ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 p) y# m! x$ C. z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- y+ R, u1 `9 H' `49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): G/ R/ u8 w* h. y  e) x0 [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 N/ y/ I4 f. ~% j/ Q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# _$ s: B/ V7 w/ V# x
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# a' n$ z: C0 n( d) b* K5 nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 }$ Z0 ]5 i3 \+ j1 C  C( Z+ K
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 u: A- h5 }- P* d" ?! @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ p; v1 k3 g6 u* t. ^; n3 S5 d
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' c' k9 g& n2 Y- e! {(prepubertal).
6 Q* ^$ F. r/ U& S, c9 DThe parents were notified about the laboratory
+ ~2 Q8 k& B* o; u/ ?results and were informed that all of the tests were
. G  j1 a3 B2 O, Q9 H* mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% L7 l0 j1 q* h! R5 z$ f; _8 l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) N* L/ j! ]# c; yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 O* c, G/ G8 ?" o- S
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 Y/ E* ^$ f" Q) C3 r: a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
3 e: @5 ~2 l# o$ Z% ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ T( K2 G' j4 Z3 q* j2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! q: g9 E* R! n# m( I1 W' B6 P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& N# d' L1 u7 @2 Y9 F* g. H# \! Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ w: a# c1 p( [8 _* x! H
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. U; p* A# s5 m  R8 U) H: KmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( z. [; M- C8 J  i% t1 Q& MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 K+ g9 \- P) \9 ~ing frequent erections.
4 d' ^3 n  s" h1 G4 E) ]Both parents were again questioned about use of! n" a' u8 w8 U# @/ s2 x/ x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 p2 C1 n2 Q, K
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 ~& g. p# C( v$ \: mTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! K8 b2 _$ E7 {$ f1 t+ T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-8 {+ F1 E# E0 V8 x
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- U; r3 z3 z" A$ L5 t" }; ?: Ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! f' {  L' ]  y; Z0 @to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ ]) u, L7 ~: X: P8 K
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 J7 d. \8 @8 t- Y8 w& \$ X/ S( isecondary to depression.  J5 q' t& Z/ S  p
The child slept in the same bed with parents./ x  g! @  @' a0 [5 l3 F6 E  m. S& F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 c/ `- j1 k: a' J( o$ mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' t3 s4 c. {; v6 u7 T8 |
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: g0 ~7 {+ \$ I9 `" h$ _0 U  E6 m
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ e$ h% o% }( }5 A5 a4 i  n: Fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; w6 Y) {' V' J3 O: w
was high, he then read the product information6 V% F8 u' ]9 Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' w: u6 j% R+ b- S9 Z  R
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# Q: ^# B  `: w% m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 U+ `3 p5 c3 R% r1 y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 Q& G2 ?0 K  Z5 N4 h6 N9 S2 K5 n4 ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, V! I4 F+ M+ n1 |: d5 S* ~. etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 Q# L$ m1 \; p6 a5 L% alaboratory to obtain the test., q5 [7 o) o% z
Discussion
+ B: U; D9 i! PPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 @. R! v% c/ }sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" }2 B" {5 a* ?' E) rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; f8 ]4 Q9 o8 v+ D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ L9 F: J( L6 }- F8 H" u9 Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 G1 w! a  T( [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; i' L" K! r0 ~- F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 {) h7 R1 X& b  _$ v
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 S% R8 e5 c2 k! T3 kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ S2 R, W. @+ c( \7 Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 @. ~, F$ `" u1 Y) f
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 r- b  v% M3 @: Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, a! i, b7 C; B2 G( T+ N/ Z# |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' F2 m7 L' c$ ^gonadotropins.1,3
$ p! U- L, f2 X; i& BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 V6 l3 p: u8 e7 j) O/ Y% ~% f. {cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( }  ^% X* t  c+ k. h  K5 }7 t$ |- G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 a7 _" R9 T) R, |exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* K, z) j4 I& t0 C, gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing2 |* F8 r0 `% O2 s$ k! s1 S. N' o3 _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 o9 b( e( i; q* l+ d+ hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 V9 j& d. w# E4 p( e4 o+ vpuberty in boys.3,4
+ |* l" Y- [, y( y. S" E: j1 OThe most common form of congenital adrenal. [* h: Y1 D, Q  ]& Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 r) `% m, ?& e, i" h+ g) SThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! ^# D" Z' y) s! y8 R0 q- H- o; nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! n. u( G2 o% T- D* h8 ^4 Fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: u6 C- H# `) \1 l6 lexcess.1,3( U4 g$ w* X" N- @5 Y# J. l0 F  |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* A+ r' l: b, p3 w5 V) A542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; z5 S/ X4 d/ K8 Q# a
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) |7 q5 A$ H% J$ c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ r( c# t/ v4 C6 q5 Ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 _5 r2 j2 `* M
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) s2 _, Z$ Z4 b% [* H) B# W+ gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,% o* c% D; F. v/ o9 M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( [' F# D% X4 G3 m+ b3 Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! x1 l5 `, \2 k! c$ p' S* z- a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& F. t6 q% c, h3 @- ]9 s! m1 n! ~pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: f: l5 l9 E+ Q$ O" R# Jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" M5 m/ N, a! e' O
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 R" Q2 E7 O( W$ [6 v9 f1 C1 }males; therefore, other male members of the family
! @+ Q, K1 u; x' t  wmay have similar precocious puberty.3& ]7 J, z: o3 q6 l( B7 D  E- o' O
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
( Y0 _1 l, x/ R$ E+ c0 g  f: n& z2 N7 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 q& W5 e1 v( H9 ~& B/ rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
" a7 H" r6 f% u/ F; d) Fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father1 ?  O* \# ?$ {# G- \: S
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,: b9 y0 X7 V+ a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 O/ J& ?& \, N6 s6 H( d( E" ~6 x5 ?( Hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 B: Y/ e5 {" F1 `  t& e, R7 }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 i8 q9 y; K% q) i- Y* Gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 B+ K0 @( V1 M( @- L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" Z+ I$ c% K$ m) e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ ~" e+ D" h( S" s) @8 B
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 E3 a* H4 _; h. q$ ]: o( [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- l3 S+ x& o# e' Lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 v5 a1 q/ G$ V7 N( B6 `* B
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 ]- Y$ v4 Z+ V5 l1 G+ Rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 f+ c2 `" U; U( ]% Odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' }9 b$ J0 U- @+ Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 w' y! |7 u3 g0 k4 s& E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ _" H' h: e9 MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! g# A( {( ~* Z9 Wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 v; X6 o5 B+ g" I- M$ a/ \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% K) @& B; R4 u/ C4 K6 _. o; SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* c/ n$ J! E: ~& p. Gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
" F6 e/ r1 x4 N! {2 k# `# Q' Neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  i% l* Q# x- E: {4 P- k( A& g, F, ~9 o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ c8 P" q' K( G. u* @tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( {4 ?* @: Z/ T9 iOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" T, ^' K, Y% Z2 @4 Mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& P, d0 @- q4 l5 C8 [dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. a8 M0 d: R0 [$ V# |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" I4 R( a4 ~% Z% I
active in young children exposed to testosterone: b  E0 c* h, |
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 Z! i  a% p( W, [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* G9 q9 n  j( S  u3 `
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 o9 q7 }5 q% [2 V. hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- A. _3 u4 y# d2 ~0 D' Sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# e+ g; y8 A( P; r& Q/ VThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during' g' U9 Z4 }; I9 k
early childhood on pubertal development and final3 _1 R1 N. w0 O+ p! L# P6 Q& R- |
adult height are not fully known and always remain
* f  F/ U- D! H* b4 ?& o& Sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* G. l2 ]2 @- C* F4 x& g- ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 y3 k, L! F9 d# z' G. bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ [4 Q* t1 {! q/ s6 k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' w* M% }6 I0 L1 _6 ?2 ?' k5 K- Q  ^9 Cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 J! k" p& I: h' g5 G) e8 ^There are conflicting reports and controversy/ t7 J2 ]( x% a# A( L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 r0 B7 r0 G3 }  O9 S; Y' Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" [. D6 A/ r4 r( z# j0 G
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* v4 o3 {6 m% {: V6 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. V' d' s* D; W$ e% j7 S# r# X. @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- v6 k: K. G; [  S9 Ochildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; j2 E5 m8 b( k1 npenile length in clinical studies.0 n4 c: ?1 `  c" I. K0 b
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. l4 O& w. X! j5 m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
. V! M2 E+ n: T( I' vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: w7 o' s& Z3 n7 `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& R9 @5 X( s' H, s. ]+ qAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of; b5 Y; W/ s) m: ~# H7 D2 d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 T; f0 [' B% t- j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* o0 N9 p  K1 |
height will not be affected.
5 p1 d0 Z9 @( N6 n# M% v3 vAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( t9 H1 L7 ~8 {ability of androgen products in our society may* m4 q" h" T; }! l  x! V
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 R; h$ s6 e- u% n" schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 H/ X1 ?6 o( g" J) V  P# f* p& n! o
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
! c( b$ h' |: m( x1 R: P6 q" f. mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 D1 ?3 C7 o, |! bgel should be asked of the family members during; y6 t4 n# f( V) b  k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 o% C# v0 S4 e- K4 m8 K- e9 O  zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ _& |& j  m2 `; f1 Hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 S. w* O6 U5 ^1 o3 P! U' r/ \
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  ]2 c! O1 N$ X4 h2 o) ]history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' H) @+ b* G. |" \; k" eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ Q* k; [! t6 X
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 }/ Q# Y: m' Xaware of this fact, because most of these children2 E. ]3 d: c8 m+ Y3 P9 `
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 t) _& M) I' V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ C) O5 W) f! `9 m" u8 l1 f6 Cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 H' e/ a' u3 D, N+ n; P/ \female child who might come in contact with some-% L7 `2 e( a; V& c/ T
one using any of these products.
& ?/ ?3 E6 U  AReferences$ k- g3 ^, G. F+ g
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* D9 u3 {5 J) e3 Z2 A8 D$ X
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ I4 }7 }! F( p  P9 P
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  U( b' n) `) B! F3 c+ q
2002: 565-628.5 J& T7 b1 ?0 p& y4 i
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 `6 ^7 w) D7 V$ ^- Spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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5 F+ r- W1 S8 y3 f4 r
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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