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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 e1 H" g/ _/ P% ~2 Q/ b
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 m3 }) N( b5 I# j6 E& P* k
Exposure to Testosterone
# Q& O# A' r0 a9 t: n9 ZSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% C- a( V  ?. I8 o
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' U8 R; ]. `" {5 w. M$ _) C) a& NClinical Pediatrics
' K3 G) j! |3 u: A# M. _7 \Volume 46 Number 6: ~/ T7 Y  j0 Q) b
July 2007 540-543/ c6 d( j3 X1 V2 B
© 2007 Sage Publications: W, k/ h5 j! Y" K4 m$ \5 E( c
10.1177/0009922806296651
* Q( m% w/ k+ C6 V* Lhttp://clp.sagepub.com
5 h+ l# e: R0 N+ t+ b) i  t$ A- Shosted at
5 D2 O9 Z9 S( V2 dhttp://online.sagepub.com
. `* D9 n% `  Q! {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ `; U) T5 {" [0 Z2 f+ r) B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ D" j1 \7 h1 G% M4 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; ?2 ?: B/ r1 ^
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# J; O+ t( _1 A5 ]a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  y9 M$ ^1 \0 R1 llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ [1 e! v& _5 e7 d  r  Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; z; {; G5 C& Rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: z6 N; }( a+ i# K3 q( y8 Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ n+ g7 A1 v7 R- i+ I+ D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: t, m  W) {( o, a# Y: ~3 L
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) Q. N: U/ }6 z3 y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( N9 n8 b9 T4 Z1 d. P5 ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 N3 @6 B- }% b, @* O$ X; }# V9 ~! R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 T" ^- p) B7 z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* u/ K4 P6 H6 n9 ^0 S- Fchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 {& v. Y) R/ g5 x! m' |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  ~! r& z2 |/ s- B' mbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 v2 Y* [$ A% O: u4 K3 Zliterature.4
8 j, o: ?" g0 H+ K: E5 rPatient Report
+ r8 j* o, N  W+ ^' VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ ?/ z7 @/ P4 I, z. jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 d6 f4 d6 f& j: e" h& r0 \1 k
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  f5 ~$ L9 z, Y* ]5 ilight colored pubic hair development when he was
, J/ w' X* u$ _/ H) m, s+ IFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: U  S: o8 d/ g! m! z; M" r  XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% i5 U! ]. o5 T6 D8 \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
! ?! `( Z% ^' N9 q6 z" w/ X/ ^Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 q( d6 d" A6 J1 S$ y. W$ Z9 }5 Y  {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 M- [' h1 i8 X2 f4 w+ Q6 }
e-mail: [email protected]., L3 @3 J- |. d: ^. o  [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  j$ W3 p6 A  p3 p4 _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-8 o5 k1 [0 J- a8 T# N8 D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% I5 j$ t+ G% m- A6 ~. n) Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( z* z" s' J' {0 g/ Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ T2 E: j5 _5 f# l0 P2 w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! \0 l* m7 F: C( l
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! a# @: f$ ~/ E
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. q+ \0 Z/ f; }7 c: Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: Z! j, q, M8 W8 L# R! S2 m4 t
was age appropriate.
; P5 p# E* F+ t- |; \  q" q4 G5 OThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 k* N7 B8 t& N. I' l; b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 \3 _; X$ Z9 s0 X9 H3 G
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ ?/ t- P2 X. H6 P( x# j. nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ f+ h% B; t) h! h+ uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- T- P- A% k$ M/ c* ]( b
The father denied taking any other medication. The$ F0 o# e1 i2 s' z& R- v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 b, @6 V9 V2 A- v
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 s0 `2 i8 c- T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* L  t8 b( `- z6 `/ }+ rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ S8 \5 T' P, W+ G0 d. F3 p0 L. \
tives. There were no siblings.
# Q5 d/ X7 |) I0 {Physical Examination
" {2 \& ^/ @/ _  t- pThe physical examination revealed a very active,6 D4 \* ?" h% h5 d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% s2 L6 k9 X% k
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 i5 E' z* X7 m  }9 p& S8 f2 r90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 g3 i& v( d# j- Q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 |# j# p6 R1 y- k5 K0 K8 |4 y8 `$ q8 Svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 b1 o( |9 Z; \6 c+ Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; \7 d: t! _; Z  t! AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 @6 }8 W" t- ?; H6 e; H
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' d# ~* o# C9 w! @% d/ k1 l" J8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: [3 c* `. e# d+ n1 Hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 Z8 D# V7 @5 u1 i
5407 `3 I4 j$ |0 d# N$ d* ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* f% s% l" x$ \
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- V; a' h+ d: e1 K3 G  ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 Y0 [! @5 X& F2 gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 f  }, K8 f3 }9 p. Uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" O3 r. [4 s" u4 u- U$ F7 @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 {1 W9 Q& \  v2 z( l1 F3 ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. ~% l- R1 |/ Q4 e" Y  t  m1 r% v
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ E4 R8 Q: ?& \$ g( x  c* o
of papilledema." ^( X- ]# ?  c/ b
Laboratory Evaluation
) |/ _6 ~8 i9 z, U& w6 LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by& r: q0 X- D9 W( {4 d% C; w. }
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-1 n7 `2 u4 Z0 n) A# V+ R
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 Z* q  e( t4 y. |4 f& J' `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ U9 _7 a2 B; N/ m: _# Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( j  J: |; g$ c# Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 ^5 n, g. U/ z8 |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ H9 d' c) }  ~3 j1 g9 T' `! r  T' Xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 v! |7 @  q7 U) e- O) g
within normal range for his age. The concentration  P+ F& u! l: H# P
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL/ x5 n$ l4 _) G( w. ^# z9 B
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; j0 L( i/ e3 y: Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 ^9 y' K+ W- f0 O! n+ t: x
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 {& _7 V, n! w6 Q- c7 Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 y3 p3 ~5 ?& S( ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
  _9 l4 l  x# }' [( cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 w% _4 Q0 w; z+ W" X# Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ k4 C- r( b# }8 Z: c% B
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) @- O( C5 G6 i( U/ z  T+ \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; y5 D" V" e0 [5 p
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 j% f% `+ D- s: V, L3 O$ d( ?8 O: {, k" ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 W* u7 q+ N9 s7 n" K1 {concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, Y1 F: t! [0 p9 E$ m
(prepubertal).+ X3 s2 ?" D+ b6 w3 R. \
The parents were notified about the laboratory
  d5 n+ \% Z3 I# @* h( Y: w* [/ u4 hresults and were informed that all of the tests were
7 F/ O9 q7 i$ @! M% c# ?normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 K- I% o1 R$ W4 T& v, gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. E5 K$ W- Z6 g) }2 H% _+ zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 J2 C' Q) W# b- ^8 L3 X5 \& v& bever, the family did not return for 4 months.) |2 Q; c+ {& V0 Y7 g) s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 N. `& Q! v( E' n+ z" ~# ~/ v: G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' [: k. ~$ |7 ?. F; T( C
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 _. E) g1 k% v4 `5 P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 L1 x. s/ j# k1 d# w0 F( t5 {pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! ]1 I9 i2 y+ _+ U/ mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% Z( i1 V/ R6 C$ p7 L3 K& c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- i: r& R, O& P& b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ P# s5 \) h# P1 K3 A5 `ing frequent erections.
* N1 f) X7 g- Z: E! fBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" ]7 t, x" p  s8 ]$ p0 ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 Z/ n$ ^: t% I6 X- o  X3 P# K
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( X! G( Y% {9 ~3 w  J7 W
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( Y) W. g' o( x* w' g( ^% M% u
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 O3 g. D) y4 g1 k  x$ ?
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& z/ D, Q" S% O$ y' k
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 q2 s5 K0 ~& Q  ?+ f/ Q) f& \to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: E- p6 |: q- A  w2 S  Bscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 D6 P& J; N9 a# S; L/ m) m( lsecondary to depression.& I; w6 T! j0 \2 }
The child slept in the same bed with parents., b- b* [. b& ~; z% f1 p( |" p* z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. S& W! x. I2 m+ g( k, V  ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 Z# a& y6 `# {nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 J% a" e! O$ D8 _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" S  r# M7 w# l* {when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: u6 G) B' a! D# h9 {was high, he then read the product information
% V$ k8 Y- I1 T! s% {packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ Z1 I) H: p2 X; d. A! vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" x6 p" A" r/ @. ?decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% Y' {3 v( |& u% ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 E$ Y0 E& u: ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& r0 R: `) o, O4 \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 Q; S, S& S7 v, k/ \$ L% {6 m* Dlaboratory to obtain the test.7 B/ q9 c& H5 y! A6 B. E4 C0 d
Discussion* X" e, \. q* `* K6 d' \( C) G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( P4 r( [' ^, ]5 y3 O" `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ L( |% e9 e  tPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  `, @& x- o( M& M1 _1 a2 q# z) Pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 ?, J# g: Y: e" _thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, y# P# C& B  A" b5 R( |mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
  k  i; l* U1 D' D$ x3 Imay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' I4 g7 W/ O* `6 h9 [2 N8 dresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# _# }/ p4 v/ n4 E& Y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 p' ^! ~! Q4 B9 c6 Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  Q# b4 r1 E6 B  O6 L# g# b7 j
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ M) }( b  a+ L; @( U  y6 _
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: @1 F1 i# T; D  z0 L& t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* U9 p  ~) g) J; Z$ qgonadotropins.1,30 t% L: k0 [" `! Q1 |, T9 w; g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, `& X  o, b0 k2 M1 ]
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! X* e" X" U) \5 P. Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( d$ c8 F8 f3 A8 ~' u/ f1 s
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! H5 L: x# W6 R" @3 [ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
, ~' ~, V( N. @9 ^9 S) rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- u4 h. v7 a- V; Z( ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: p! }3 A0 L" B5 i
puberty in boys.3,4( Q) d$ m" m  F% E; z" G, r
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 h, u; V: S3 K; ihyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 c# n6 ^. b) O& {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) D% ]5 Z9 ^- U) e) @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 y5 c2 P0 T% e3 M
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- a* a2 |9 a, F
excess.1,3- ~8 k- Q3 R% ~+ i! j  o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ d. Y: A7 D: ]' X+ E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ D6 A6 E, R& H! z' K/ V) {3 ]
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ A9 _9 {) x$ f  Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: ^) G( Y" J1 n" I( V: [
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 T* o8 j* w/ z0 `' n' E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. o6 k+ {& v' z# {with this disorder are full pubertal development,# a3 {  ?3 P% }( V: N
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: k7 V! `1 V1 G$ Vwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 r1 r2 {) ~2 Oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& u6 M& R/ i6 r! _  }) gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 z+ ]  t8 W+ Y) N" _+ A. p
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 h/ m9 [) ]. c& h+ u/ O3 u$ Rautosomal dominant disorder that affects only* a. C& _7 J. x* |- C: Y7 B+ @
males; therefore, other male members of the family& ]4 d2 x" t' ]0 N9 n! y* t; z) t
may have similar precocious puberty.3% [8 ]5 ~1 [3 t0 W1 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-; B# T2 f5 D+ R: o% c  b6 m8 t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 i/ C, B) A: T: F& y( x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) ~* R" T+ B( A0 p; uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 j$ j2 F9 H& u) V; Gstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. d; p+ [% i6 A6 \. \
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 M8 m; _/ b; s6 B3 r6 o4 dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# ?, f3 y5 D, A4 k- j7 T
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 {( v' W( B2 ^2 J  }5 \- h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( m; f& |: ]$ M% l2 p2 V1 n' P2 ieither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 U1 i$ p' i0 N( y" P6 w* tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- a4 n; g- R2 g8 w1 i2 i% ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.( s1 H1 v3 Q5 X1 C: v3 m! f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# l# I/ b# p( [1 a; asuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, e+ ]& p6 c* p9 T3 \. ?( j" V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 ]: z5 W! k- D, N- M! }4 r8 apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' c& U& d: t$ [! o
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' S% m; U+ ^7 u% z# y% w5 Zterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% E2 d: _( }' o; P
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ }' W* p8 P$ }% N4 O% gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 W1 N7 Y* I; y- N- O# i7 b$ gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 I6 L& d0 `& j( T, b
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 @2 F; K' p6 g" J4 SSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, Z" |: ?3 r( j+ H5 Fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 K1 r) K5 d0 }* p9 r$ Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; f) N; r; J) kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- R7 l% W- n1 o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ P, i2 m, ^( K7 g, ~
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 c) m6 w$ x5 X, N# z0 b& R/ H) Iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# C' k1 w: Y; m( y7 Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, H' ~5 m% g! t( o$ K( q6 xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ R$ l# L4 W' z% c, a( ~
active in young children exposed to testosterone# B4 G+ G) _6 G3 g0 W
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% q- Q! ~! {1 `$ _- G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 S7 q* B* R4 U/ @2 p1 K! p
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* P. T" W; Z# F" ~5 Q8 {0 ^) r7 ~children results in an increase in growth velocity and
! b( Y3 s- V( g9 v+ kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient." ^( A  |5 Q! T( l8 V+ v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% o& l3 ^! A& ?# g1 p1 H- m' [early childhood on pubertal development and final* k7 ^; b& @5 \0 M9 ]9 y- j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( j( ~' z0 v+ i( ^! t& ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 v' H7 e8 @" s1 c0 j0 p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  y, {4 c- w' a- @
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 `( ^+ \  F, D. \( hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# [, ?! w  T7 L$ `( a" h: ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ Y! s: ~; x4 i* g" C5 A1 C3 v
There are conflicting reports and controversy
% D8 r: X/ [' m% C, w5 {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: Y. r, f% m! n5 xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* ~2 q8 g8 ?. q. r! [& o, o1 s$ u
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, X* n/ N6 A# y" sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: p5 m1 S( C& y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* H$ L# }* v( x# a9 ?- h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 ~1 [5 Q4 G( j7 ~! I
penile length in clinical studies.
# M9 B( w( i  ~5 vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" G0 N' }# P& V6 ]3 pgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from" N+ a& @+ W7 H! O2 Q  `
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 n2 ^; i5 \$ G, N0 b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 J7 L7 ], T+ cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: w7 D% M. U; t& ~: r( h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 `' D' R; ?( c3 R0 P9 Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 k* I6 A0 L6 Q/ G9 vheight will not be affected.
: z, p+ k. \  u$ e! |Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 j" b0 L) Z: a% b- H9 B
ability of androgen products in our society may
/ X- s! t, L; Z( _, Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ H3 B5 g& s. |* y0 Y, wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  f/ F$ I$ X+ E. l, r9 m' p
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 _5 C' `# K  E! f- }3 wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' u4 p3 v) P" p& o2 P/ s# Ogel should be asked of the family members during/ l6 I+ G1 ~8 R! F. u9 F4 i
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ \$ f2 E, S  n" Y0 Z4 W  a* H
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& D' U) g6 I" x% n" d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- i  {* S! m! b* G. s6 H. y, Bappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 `$ W1 F4 L6 `) z6 [history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' b; U( K# H( V' l: M* {result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) D# Q5 w1 ~. k7 a  k* w+ y
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 c5 R# g" g# F/ q# d+ Caware of this fact, because most of these children# o3 R" m8 N/ L5 Z" A, b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( b: A; ~8 F3 P6 A* SDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  }: n) l( s+ B0 w: _% j" E
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 g5 d+ L. i3 d+ Z
female child who might come in contact with some-
7 W4 h7 e7 p7 done using any of these products.8 D; p( B: N9 J2 U1 r, V1 {
References
- z3 N8 V( s4 Y5 e% E1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" L2 T% [; U0 r# i& \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! V+ b. _( {7 ^3 `/ Q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ U/ f6 V. b* D5 f% O# D7 o( D- Q+ Z2002: 565-628.- s9 D; b& Y3 S9 o& I5 N8 V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 w* c% j+ P. ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 c: Y7 r, C* }' C" hBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
" m- a$ Q1 n% j0 H. ~. C. OExposure to Testosterone; Y- O% X8 I* F4 ~3 `& G
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 O) O6 G( a5 O# J9 Z9 B( Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 W5 d; n& }2 I* ]9 h7 F  U
Clinical Pediatrics5 `/ A, a! y5 E5 K& y9 p) S+ B' B
Volume 46 Number 6. n1 H3 O( X7 |7 Q
July 2007 540-543- j4 G/ f& U6 p  N! y$ d" {' s; N
© 2007 Sage Publications5 O6 z1 }* T1 ^" B# R! p- y5 v
10.1177/0009922806296651) b; ^. }, g& A0 K2 Z
http://clp.sagepub.com
  t( _( q$ m" v" Bhosted at
, n( x, Q1 ?" F1 `9 _2 lhttp://online.sagepub.com
5 M8 L" G8 t& z3 i: o/ \1 t+ ePrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 w$ c2 U' z( b  I  H# U& bis a significant concern for physicians. Central  P" Z5 D+ p0 P* }+ {3 X
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; H1 ^! x- x6 o; b0 d7 {
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 l$ Y) p6 Q& I% u3 u& U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# V! q' ^/ N' k+ L) I6 n
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% Y) K& B% T+ \. j) ?by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 I5 B; a" W, `) \: L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" D/ F$ Z% K% @, @& U
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 _2 v! c& B+ M5 r# H% W5 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" @( [. S- }9 m
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- Q+ h7 \; z: h4 }* L9 B- ]
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# L: Q% e  s  P# ~* H1 q! w! b6 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by; u3 ^& {8 ?# k& ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  j/ r+ o2 h, j1 m1 P, x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& C/ x3 C3 J- F9 c' l+ F, j: bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 t5 g0 Q# t8 K% T) y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# {+ V, A. t$ t* ~0 P! F( r7 Rbly more common than the rare case report in the$ N% R' }! u& X
literature.4/ e* W; o* }8 l' }
Patient Report
: T" o5 m0 |4 s! B6 A6 c: v* jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the, Y2 E6 {% S8 V& W6 _" [% Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- p% T: _3 G9 C* m4 `  Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed( B' z8 M6 X$ ]; d7 F1 Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was# e/ W4 i+ |" [# M! o' V! X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, t2 k6 E, E. t2 b6 F" M: _South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." x* \  f, w" L5 C* R8 L3 Z, [& L3 I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 @) k7 r& q# L/ l6 O2 _
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 g& `+ ~1 I) Y* |, t% e3 R5 X1 I" P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 {: m: T, t/ i3 @+ q  |" K# G3 e1 A
e-mail: [email protected].
+ v0 V! u& k8 ^5 B2 V& Kabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 e# x* q- k8 L0 c1 y: |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 _) x  W. c7 X# O0 d8 @  u5 _! ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! w" e8 \( l! s+ I5 D2 [# Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* s7 ~8 R( u# {& Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ `- ^' Q: k# F5 C8 ]8 g20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: {* _; p: i* i; m: a
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ w; J. l. {. X# L! o% t6 D& V8 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' U, W7 H8 I' I
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 J2 q" w; h6 B3 e& f" L- I- Cwas age appropriate.
0 `- B4 c& q3 V  g0 U+ }2 ~The family history was remarkable for the father,
- F4 ]! G1 a0 J8 t  H9 Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. \3 ?/ I$ ?  F1 n- Pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s8 p& j4 @3 o( V$ }; Y  K
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, s9 E. r9 Y( A- T( Q- P+ O
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 S1 \: I7 Z( b( S0 f, b
The father denied taking any other medication. The  S) A( G# H3 _  m; e: \: d/ S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 A9 P+ k% R; y8 |1 Y2 {was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 t- `0 Y  F: ^/ z- J" h- V5 c: _5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# L, `' V- \5 z: S# x
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: G* U) Y* t/ b) O: h
tives. There were no siblings.
" b7 x8 g' P$ d% D+ {Physical Examination+ S. K) r+ d4 q/ ]& a
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* _, e+ ]8 t) N% m5 @+ yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. [8 y% ^# u7 b5 L# r. qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! T+ Y( p! [$ h; L1 ^
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 o3 H3 Y1 s9 f/ m  T7 S) E8 Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ ]( E3 a! y, B' ~0 m' `1 i" G% ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 e: B: W* D& Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! o6 {) T' L5 y0 F2 tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 }- Q2 @5 a6 Y7 u/ Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 j* V  S# M* [' B& v1 d+ o! a; k
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 m1 p+ p0 A- }6 _$ {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; C" T2 g1 ?$ d* M
540
) M1 ]0 O( q! S8 H7 F1 Gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ^- z2 d7 S! m9 l6 R2 M1 b9 Zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 H2 y$ y2 n0 K$ Ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) Y- [$ W- y0 g' Z: f) {! B$ L
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ M- C# U, a! N) C7 _3 N
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 o! W: w. A0 m/ h0 oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: j" F( \8 }# y3 d4 U4 K
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- h6 y1 M  u6 O$ T; {
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) F9 g* e: i% q: M- x# `1 ~
of papilledema.
, Z' ~  d  }7 H6 O3 V0 ]Laboratory Evaluation
; X$ R8 o& a, p% |) WThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 ^4 t- U2 t( n  D! m3 r: Rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& @) @$ b+ E4 V1 [1 t6 ^) ?1 Ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ V8 d8 J# |4 r- m. W" p2 nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" _: S% ?, F2 i7 B
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! [" d; |$ Q! w# L/ w% h3 Ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: t- ]3 p* @$ w( _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% U3 V" ^# D, L, b  q2 x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# o% ~( Y9 J6 A* Q5 T+ L" \5 Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration# S! L( G& [3 b: y2 |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& t& A9 Y0 j2 Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 N* ?* F4 q* G+ _& A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 D" Z: m7 _& y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 I  t( `1 [/ o: C0 Z3 ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- B9 D4 F  T/ u& y7 a
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* e, X4 b. ~0 c3 T3 U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 E/ M5 N6 Q' X9 ^3 N* I! Ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 N6 V. d4 \! m9 [; a  ?testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 P6 S( z4 B( `+ v2 g8 J
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) x% S6 q( x2 E! ~4 o5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 s/ b! e; Q1 T( d; R
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* J! D! `* C1 o% ?( z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, S9 z0 I" s. Y9 w3 P' J! _(prepubertal).) X2 O: ]* {" C3 S# K/ x
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 B7 M! ~* k7 k" gresults and were informed that all of the tests were- w4 W5 D0 B/ G/ T$ w1 _9 p
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ X! r5 t% H% w& J2 P6 H( _; wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 g  }/ O1 `$ x( Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 m5 Y' [6 `* q- I) j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% s& C; u$ ]8 [0 ePhysical examination at this time revealed that the" u: I' z; s6 U/ e
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  h, F  z& n3 F4 ]& C9 h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 P, y5 ?0 F/ M! s& Q& q* h! @: H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 v; w. e, c' _8 A5 m
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  V1 X. W4 M4 j! pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* [+ P' D4 P) L$ x$ K% s* RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 r. t% ]3 f6 l& a( MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" s* [/ t! E/ E9 l. I/ ~' Bing frequent erections.
" C7 T- i+ v) {/ s, }Both parents were again questioned about use of
& E9 j4 n9 k0 o9 @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to7 {  y" ?% p% f7 m6 W- a3 o* R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ T6 |1 w5 y, _" OTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) B8 a' M2 G9 d, z" J% {- wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 Y, D" ~( H4 C$ t( u' Ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ j% r3 b: @( |! h8 d: J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 Q1 u. i% I3 V, K# V0 }2 ~" u
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 N1 a- a: o  m. Y4 iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 f2 _, e7 X1 q3 y6 c8 o6 osecondary to depression.2 q, I  I  ]8 D5 A1 J( P1 r. O5 w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 O0 C1 L3 z* W5 rThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his& W* x6 q, l: s$ v: V6 ~
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( f/ f- |" F. V# n9 J* F3 F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. ?/ O/ R0 c3 n# e. cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,8 |9 P# k# S; n7 u4 h. q9 v
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby! J1 U/ i0 _# g. N; m
was high, he then read the product information
8 ^$ D  }& c: q6 `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 p$ b. u$ V2 F+ M# K2 T, T$ q8 Ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 D9 `# @# S# j
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 A& B6 B' w; J+ O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, Z) a$ ~# q2 F- z  S. G! n2 ~
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, _! N: |  w5 u5 s. s
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 X; N' ^; T# H/ jlaboratory to obtain the test.* h$ f7 v5 k+ l9 G! u2 I- t& r
Discussion1 |! s# ], W% N1 @* A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ C" ]; Z0 }+ R/ s) q7 j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& K% }6 o/ Z" y! S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. a( a9 ^4 \% ^  F* }  Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. {- G  i$ S! h/ z: q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
; D: Q! H! x  imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 D/ M; `7 b+ U! pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is4 l5 U7 j- H6 ^' \0 s
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# a  }1 q" a: Z- Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 Y& A: N1 l& e! C: G7 M& l5 q9 vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
8 ~' b: N2 d# X) _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# T% a* G' E1 g8 J7 n3 ^& b) K2 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" X) R: Y. [- s+ N4 C2 qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 D6 g; I8 v9 x3 z) q
gonadotropins.1,3
0 m8 C, h0 v+ ?Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) B( O8 ?3 L. i4 [
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 d' y) G& R0 f, y6 gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: C4 D' A* ]9 d% ?2 C+ _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 n7 a7 k+ l, T8 ^2 i. wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ `( z9 b* b# V; B0 i2 }4 [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! R" j2 k( I" Ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: z6 ~& D' @0 Z0 @9 Vpuberty in boys.3,4" A$ O) T) z; I! V. Z: |$ K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
" b  E- F  b, D! z- @  Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 c. J% o1 m: L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
  f. |6 T9 O3 k2 M1 Z3 b( uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( {1 {* r8 T( q6 [: v- Kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) @4 T4 l- \- |( k+ N! I9 A
excess.1,31 J3 [( k2 H+ s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 b% Y% K% D9 ?* A0 S3 |/ P6 \542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" M9 T. w( A, A4 D, I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* q- @" g& I# W$ v0 x6 q' C- V6 k
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
& p" O* p" [- f7 Qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 n, m5 P0 D0 @: Z" q& t, ~: x; E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys2 B1 v( L0 J3 g
with this disorder are full pubertal development,, q9 l7 N; v; X7 \1 P; {; m( J! k5 \: n
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ [+ C6 f8 ?+ |/ @8 cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 o0 D' X, e2 }2 o% s% x1 eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ g: f  F0 [( V. cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" G  `0 n/ @' {2 Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 w! R3 g' Q( w; f1 Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only, v# H# S$ X/ I9 }' V
males; therefore, other male members of the family5 E, Q/ l: o  Z/ l; a1 T+ i+ p1 a
may have similar precocious puberty.3
# Q2 y8 }6 [( y! E% o; d0 \2 b  bIn our patient, physical examination was incon-' `3 k/ D0 n4 y- I: n* s2 h
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 }0 J' Q3 s3 _0 }0 c7 L% ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 v" o" s2 b, y8 L! b0 Ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, k; _8 x" r2 s1 c- w2 qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; S+ `7 \# F0 G: Y* l! i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the2 a, H' A; {' U+ v8 X
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 C, R) M* ?& _, J7 y+ n# F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  e+ R1 x6 W& L: j, }* abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  w0 }! K' t! q4 U' W4 E: F
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase- A3 u# O* N8 y* [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- `* g0 X- v5 N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! U( P% Z1 I. F" C5 p9 C4 s  P) M8 ~- {The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  V. `. A: a+ C) }$ Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' Q) B( v0 v6 R, dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ U8 S! l/ R% e3 q  w( Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ [. R2 n" F1 y* R% ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 T7 b7 v  n2 \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 U7 A: Z5 E( c+ M2 `# F5 d/ [6 ^1 T
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 ]2 M( ?2 g$ d7 W; P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& I) @2 l8 ~6 H( E( e" icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% L& {! {5 ~' F# Q2 C. M- Runprotected females through direct skin exposure.; f# H  c3 p6 F! l8 T
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! N1 P3 q2 Y0 H
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" S" M& a  d- b0 ]# W5 U6 s1 Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. h1 _! Q+ h! p) m* Q5 k: upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: W3 e2 e  J' U  S, j- E# F" `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' b' {4 _' g% h- u6 BOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  q& p( b( l: d. b" bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' ~( P9 Y! J. {9 ^- z0 r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  m. [$ c0 H1 U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) C, E, p# K% pactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' {: F5 H0 H1 d+ x. g  N& \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% H9 t7 n# o" q7 e3 R4 g8 Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  y7 A! K7 n- j( t4 V6 A3 v; O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& w+ O: }4 }. V4 n0 E) M' R9 jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 r# E* X4 j% N6 Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& ]" d) a2 {! h. z; |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ g$ m5 T. _7 ~. X1 e5 G) _early childhood on pubertal development and final
% w5 {) l. c- _) j; ~! }adult height are not fully known and always remain
5 p3 w( R. r" P7 J' d8 _$ xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ E8 l6 @) F0 s7 Y/ B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. ^( ^' ?$ z0 `& u) `& ]( x' Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) |1 h0 |9 r  l- b- z4 [2 Hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 |  D7 R7 v# j" y7 Jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 v, D. r- [& j1 K3 xThere are conflicting reports and controversy
3 ]# n# ]3 r1 d* u% nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 G# |5 h6 O- o+ Y( @( o! Gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( D& e# O5 K! {& a7 vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% ]: A* V1 q- `9 O
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ A( J* a: [9 m2 k  V1 T' l+ W9 |Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ ?  u) a  B2 `5 `childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ O. t. R  n4 E# v" _# r# npenile length in clinical studies.
5 u/ ]. _9 a6 P. `9 bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) t8 n7 R5 O0 L+ qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 i6 ]7 e7 F- C+ e4 J" m' B8 Y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# A! l4 d# m" r( a, athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 C% }, O( W% NAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 t( R6 F* _$ u2 I. o5 _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, I( _! F3 ~# P0 n; s$ Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 S  a1 X; o: ~: b% j* Kheight will not be affected.2 h$ g  }$ {0 y# J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. E* I+ X' G4 w9 g& Fability of androgen products in our society may
1 c8 b) H" T# C6 T; m7 bindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 E0 ], D( C% d# `  Y/ g* q% T4 F' h
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( ^( R# g& v1 i; ~7 `# X& G% Egen products must be considered and specific ques-
: ?/ m! ]  U$ F( ^0 W6 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" {3 N9 o3 M1 @7 m2 cgel should be asked of the family members during- M; h2 ?) f8 n" Q: A* I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! F0 J0 i# J$ G* |4 p8 Z+ |/ Yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' q9 Z+ `) {" |, n) onosis can be established by just a few tests and by* @% W8 X2 |1 `4 Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- {3 _' d- N& T* m9 F' y0 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 V) x" L- N* S7 u; Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: T0 k" X- c' |; u- @6 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
& v" g) G" V/ D9 kaware of this fact, because most of these children
: a0 N. d* B5 m. f0 Umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 s# \) f( w. kDesk Reference and package insert should also put a% e( e, [  \$ G0 D4 s, i( Y3 Q4 x3 U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 V6 P- G* }4 J' i$ Z0 t+ _7 Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
! J  v+ D4 i: z/ D# Tone using any of these products.
/ t  |7 d' O0 @References# V( L! S' i3 f; y7 G# k1 u7 s
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. J0 f: G: @. G0 \' j( x9 \& Z% uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 r' T, S' u' jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% v% M3 {$ F5 K' y7 o* z
2002: 565-628.' ]0 Y% A: \/ ^( e# w( C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- L4 B2 m& E, v7 Z' K  u
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

9 m. p" y' L; S" u3 r/ k* w精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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