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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 W- b b0 K9 V& bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
. u7 e. ^0 v5 d$ W8 y6 \! e) kExposure to Testosterone# H5 w8 t4 T4 V3 H2 a. D
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( `) J/ A6 o/ \6 Y0 G* l$ g; z( B* W& `
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- ]0 w; V! t' `Clinical Pediatrics
0 \/ v9 U5 ^5 DVolume 46 Number 6
% g7 X% K. G z* i7 @July 2007 540-543* f! g {# j' m- @( W f7 n
© 2007 Sage Publications3 E( R8 y& \6 K0 }3 f0 t
10.1177/0009922806296651' L: g+ r) Y8 H
http://clp.sagepub.com
% j" }3 J* v- N3 Y( r+ `hosted at
( u% a) \9 \+ N2 hhttp://online.sagepub.com& ]* N5 S) d* m i$ K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* ~ R0 ` x* R% p% l# _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 P% A2 U) O! R" [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 ~8 [& i# t0 u
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 ^4 ]1 ?+ v: f8 w2 ]a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ v( l, `3 t" Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 ^8 F7 Y1 [! T7 h2 ^
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) Z$ l) ~2 N6 U# h" q: X. I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ p4 @5 W" |* I1 {; _
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: ?$ Q! l1 \5 j2 g: Sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 h& @ J q! _# K
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ Q( r% |1 S) a4 d5 ^# X
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, s" C: ^( t. Rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ @5 Z7 p" [$ e/ u/ [; [# j* Y7 J9 jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 h& z1 z8 w$ B8 }: F2 Gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- P i' @$ p0 ?
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 F. u5 E- I9 W9 m- htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; {4 [* U% I' g% Fbly more common than the rare case report in the
% s5 n7 z* i) X0 L- u. S6 J9 pliterature.4% Z% ~; P, I. J8 A) c
Patient Report
K; ~+ s t& a. i, P, L! @! B$ ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 |; i9 Z+ v6 V" I0 K6 M
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" O% n0 X _6 b
of early sexual development. His mother noticed c: m# a9 o p, V9 }$ P7 x1 Q
light colored pubic hair development when he was c- X% h P, a D& S1 n$ o+ Z" E
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 ]# x% u- H% z, m0 WSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 }- W, \4 W9 l! q* ]% @( F, `
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 U; L6 H7 g( G. QProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 `3 H& H' g/ D0 WMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 y# P8 `% K. W' ^
e-mail: [email protected].
( s# I( l5 g0 \1 _7 aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; C' T& E8 ? H! ]8 [) A# d2 _5 fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 x: D" v' V* ^4 M { b1 j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# t5 p# f( U9 @' b- o/ c0 g4 d0 Zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ x) ^* k6 e: P3 O/ q' S7 X
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 b G, `0 \& T; G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" v" z+ K8 W0 Q( x1 p6 wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 w' K) O( M( X6 S) e; fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ ^% @* o/ o! P; X# \! v/ h, |# C
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 }+ Q* W& x: }. r. x, owas age appropriate.' B w+ d! G; g X5 M
The family history was remarkable for the father,- Q i9 ?* D2 ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ \8 @# O5 c3 v) _, g. }& e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* ]) U+ e4 c) s; B) Z4 d# y6 s' _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( c# H9 F% r" b& u( i& x6 A
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 |3 ^5 |# t) i+ Z! A5 qThe father denied taking any other medication. The, J; d4 c( S- p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% E7 }* _: M3 A9 K: M/ i' M. B9 ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: r" [, D o& r( v' g5 W
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) x- ^2 N" g+ s, S' X; Pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: b4 C7 l5 ~+ _2 k J( f! u$ |' b
tives. There were no siblings.
9 R5 ?- o* {% P. u3 t, ZPhysical Examination
! s: ?* M" R5 h3 n5 d9 GThe physical examination revealed a very active,
# Z8 K/ Q% T9 {- v1 t. J5 Wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% n9 e* \7 d% P* aa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- W4 L5 n, H% [! l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 _+ t& z" M3 }* |* k) l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth0 E/ S }1 R: |8 k3 p
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 m0 J' L, t. T( D6 Q7 H5 E
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 k5 }# h9 v8 P4 I5 o3 M. E6 r. G7 ~1 iThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 A9 }/ ]; z/ \4 G6 i3 A+ o |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% H) c/ @( m# N2 L8 G! r) N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
5 } N$ W9 F" w- i4 Bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; L8 m) o# I5 c5 ^
540
: n+ D7 P8 b! t& ]" K, p/ Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ K' L7 \' z' S' L. ~3 cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. t. O5 f* `* ~1 O3 Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& {' Y: h( {# a: u0 z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* J8 V5 C8 v8 q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 A6 w* z/ F( [+ [, Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- }5 I4 a4 { b9 p6 X" z; p' [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: n8 \4 B, ?: p" o: s8 Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) N$ p, Y- ^" n- ?of papilledema.
% S- \( `3 Y3 Q l& Y2 iLaboratory Evaluation
& t; a/ J' U: ]' e1 `0 AThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; C; M# i, C- I, T" v* [using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. x! e" L4 j2 y2 u; A; }7 }" I/ @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 z1 o }& a0 N" x4 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 R+ z+ b$ f7 A2 ^* N0 vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' v+ `8 P) |2 O6 [% P, i
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% w. t+ U. L: yThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 Y Q8 F, Z. j( j D# \6 s/ Ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 t( ^0 G: C+ z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
( D6 n1 f: _$ z8 dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL/ K& [6 p, F! D; P0 Z* g+ R
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 }' B, k v" f p, G0 Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 A: K* y9 ?3 b; V! j/ S5 @
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 ?( O, g8 [6 L( b7 F/ edesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ M+ o: H7 F- I8 w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, {& t9 n Q- [$ ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- z% w0 F8 o' L/ T% U2 R& g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. o( c8 ]) H4 l3 U, t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* C$ O: `. w9 ~/ X4 b) F+ F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ x2 T2 x! _# T; ~5 O2 y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, d' h( r* L4 K$ k( J/ tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( K: C% {2 d) z4 g1 U* Z& ?" m" s
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ o8 E4 I' n* v
(prepubertal).
: ]7 [* y# p6 O. Y4 C0 x* bThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; i, p4 i0 G1 _+ m- I) |results and were informed that all of the tests were2 J9 j8 N# A( c' U- j
normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 V& H5 H* G5 }' a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 o% e6 j: {8 d7 p9 Q' a: _
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, {6 } j p% mever, the family did not return for 4 months. {& V: W0 V+ F/ Z, S% y% O& P; i9 Q2 @
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 h: ]3 \# S- W8 E# ^: K/ d; `
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) F2 F K3 U5 I' _2 l/ {" |7 W2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 Y1 o5 x$ S, x- h" F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 y2 _* x# O9 N3 j! ?. Q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 t/ @; q U" v( z, D/ R2 B. I( wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; d( [' ?* L/ H( Z0 VmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; j9 N A6 H. ]% z' HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, t }5 P" l' M7 F0 j2 J- iing frequent erections.
) } @1 N: D0 ZBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* @1 a; A' F# x3 p# Z2 W a0 cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ r) ?2 y. D( B
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) B# I* ?% o$ p1 L. J; @( m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 _' m, n8 i2 w* s
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 u; z! q+ P9 M3 x
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
x; }# y1 @# K8 d) o6 ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( I" z W0 r9 P' A. w8 mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ ?9 m8 A: c$ {% M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 K& V1 R( \8 E5 @% I! ssecondary to depression.
2 y4 L) C5 `$ g8 |: ]! ]The child slept in the same bed with parents.* a3 ^+ S" `& ?; j4 [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, N1 Z8 E3 Y+ }5 j6 N" U1 a4 P0 ?
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: l1 E4 E/ f9 ]9 A& S7 Znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 Y3 Q0 l* \8 X I$ ]& w
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& r" p# l) J0 A1 U1 G' X6 K' ~when he learned the testosterone level in the baby |' M2 O- h# z3 z& a7 I
was high, he then read the product information M' L- J: S4 ?0 q/ [5 }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 F: \, g- a5 I/ U) B0 nson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) u& `) t. Q( _0 ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 F$ ]1 J! j, T, v. ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ E$ H) l; E- i) _5 ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 K9 h7 ] u+ V5 k$ e1 V; Y; W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 [ n) N$ y+ ~, ?laboratory to obtain the test.+ H6 F! V, d0 V
Discussion" w2 |2 r, R9 S* u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" A" ?, B" H5 h. \- {; bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) Q2 S! [" v$ [" T" N7 ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" W8 `1 h' o8 ~" o
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ P2 G! m; r. |/ q9 J
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- a' W7 b0 c# r% }mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
9 U. M. M( C Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is. h! |$ B M' \# h1 G
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
C+ ~. \( O2 B+ [amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 ?, l S3 G2 L5 B, d- M0 K0 P* c; wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ Q; |) ]5 H" @boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& t0 L" h' P$ V* H
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- ?* \/ }& _7 i, C9 [. D6 }
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 u! o) _5 \, l4 K/ pgonadotropins.1,3. ^& P9 a5 ^( p5 R
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
& d8 y0 C: ]: x' |' Ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& I2 Y; Q" K1 |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or. J) g# r- I, i/ u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" L/ m, V! F1 Y dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) N- O3 V* u; l& _3 Q! M
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# w7 A1 b" [7 { Zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) W6 w3 k- {& a) M1 {
puberty in boys.3,4
/ I, A* V0 ]; R$ O5 ?1 G( BThe most common form of congenital adrenal
8 A! k( Y) h% Q; L2 ?8 J7 @7 Q+ Thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- Z3 F A! z8 d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 Y! n5 L( u( f/ m+ x6 R7 Q0 q, Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" Z& y: f1 k) ?! Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# }1 H6 [! e3 m" Oexcess.1,3
: Q" n$ k- H! g4 Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& W: k0 l; N- z& [+ [
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 v8 j. X# u, E MA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 j9 U ], X4 _+ C: V8 M7 }
independent precocious puberty, which is also known g' q% p3 z. }2 j0 }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 j, _. ]- c7 l5 Q4 Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 L) a% {, [7 X9 G8 ?2 q" Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,; x4 S! s$ ~ D4 R! S9 |
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) D+ \6 d7 q" s9 A0 ~, [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 P" \9 w5 j- k. Y1 mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
7 a* j4 Q+ Y, Z1 P) a8 W- {& Ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 U( }7 G6 w! b: Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; \2 K1 S/ N, D) {/ h! Y
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) V, |6 p Z. |! g, umales; therefore, other male members of the family* a0 T2 [, z$ d$ `- S
may have similar precocious puberty.35 S- K) _8 x) _& Q% Z- F: |% O; K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-- y, a3 x6 G0 y/ D4 F4 O
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- ~, ^3 M* a6 c m% ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
3 h/ B% [4 g! I4 b' Z1 Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father- J8 C* `$ g5 D: P* m6 _; q9 @2 R
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! M. V4 R% i* s7 f: Z9 [& d2 j
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the1 B+ ]% O _3 N4 q; u1 U- p3 B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" ]' y3 \7 Y1 O- k4 Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( N% n' |5 ]! \1 f- }4 I. a/ Q4 n' gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 e3 A" L, s; f; w, Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ }, T2 y1 N( M3 d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 r- k6 _: q; H& W1 ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. Z0 M% l$ d3 r3 _0 m# Z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 |% t% i6 C6 U( Zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' [( Y+ L3 j3 p2 B g3 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( t7 I) e% {) c7 y5 Epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# i' `" c- q5 \+ G' D8 ~6 q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( V5 ^9 @# ?4 ?3 c$ G8 h/ x
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; S4 }- E M) ^ d- @6 [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) d9 |/ k! ?' R' a3 g1 \
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, M3 n( z9 r2 z% e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* N4 P+ ?5 j% D( F% g
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 y. z) {2 x8 Y) h# `$ l+ u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the" c' c6 n( G" o% [4 F0 |/ z* E
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# w6 N$ k* z% c& oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ m, U( e& Y3 G! v: { o8 S
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 ]$ k+ D$ P6 g# G: O
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! \) S0 I$ R) s* e/ D4 hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& p6 a1 g% \7 u0 w4 m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- V9 W' i. v F. [: j9 kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 {. P5 e2 m# E9 j5 `! |& Bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) n. x6 p8 l" U* c# Z& _ r# o+ Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 E( S- F2 p2 K% P. P" gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 H9 {. L) h. w; K6 f5 e
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( \7 C1 t2 `& ]. f7 D
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, }* G& j/ g; @children results in an increase in growth velocity and! j* s7 Q5 O3 o+ c# P! p+ ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. X% _$ i$ m" i& uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 |# M7 q& d+ E
early childhood on pubertal development and final" w4 ?, g- U$ D& C) Q' u$ a
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! {1 u" ~% R, H: g4 p" Ra concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 I/ K- s! ?3 r- z+ _
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 C7 K( x# `" w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* b9 K- @7 M* U: _) V* a, `
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; Z& L6 j0 @7 v, v: V4 v8 d3 p+ Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: k" B# m/ S# N
There are conflicting reports and controversy* m5 C1 ?' J% n' o; X/ }4 }2 W
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 b; ~2 @; p- @7 H% B) l5 ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: V$ e9 m# q0 s T) E1 D
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" @+ X' B- \# _7 o n/ M5 `3 J! Nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ \$ P& j* Z' S7 CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: A) @- y8 W, H1 `& b: G0 X' G( rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" g. [( {& X0 A
penile length in clinical studies.
" i- P5 D7 i |# ~+ nNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; D( A6 O4 p! `" y! a7 ~; Tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from# K; L% j5 _6 g; t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) e) g# F$ c3 b' H% h7 k! m' |* C; V) L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% K3 R# n9 O1 h/ T- z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( l1 |2 @- z, x
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# b/ w1 d& H. H2 y" L1 l, Y0 `the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult+ Q) o. _9 f; G. u* ?$ _" B8 [1 K
height will not be affected.
; _# S( F1 R2 ^- G' _: SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-# j L9 S% R, R/ G9 l
ability of androgen products in our society may. d1 ]/ {2 S% y, p. a; T* h+ J7 o
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
( J- A5 K7 H/ h7 Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 s/ T% B/ t ?( Y* L
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 s, x+ o: f) ?tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) v4 n% ~1 \, X( g( f1 J8 _
gel should be asked of the family members during' j, @: F: F& z& n) L
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! g% P' F3 {/ u1 [ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 q" V1 l; [" O5 v* I
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# B3 |0 T- T& Z d) F5 t& a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( [ u5 j) f! D( q1 ^6 Z1 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) c8 E* L9 ]5 D! Z7 mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" p3 [ {2 Q: p
investigation. The primary care physician should be* t- M( j+ n' Z T# z* v$ P
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- Y& U7 X% M. Q$ mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 d! r3 F7 G" a% X) Q& sDesk Reference and package insert should also put a# ?- \" u2 J/ m" l0 v) a" q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& ?9 A6 Q1 j \! L: D0 n6 F
female child who might come in contact with some-0 K, C6 Y& u F. K; A: ^
one using any of these products.
K5 C1 g! y2 \* z5 \1 X7 T* OReferences
1 |; ]) v. n( e. |1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& y, D+ Z N" H# V- G; Z/ W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 `8 ~0 `8 C( q! HEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ @- q& B% V2 O2002: 565-628.
6 C+ V9 q2 u2 c$ q) ^" b0 R: h( o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) J/ b; \4 T) i5 t% c4 D
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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