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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: g# G- _9 \- J& dBoy Induced by Indirect Topical2 E  v/ G0 T" ^9 u% I
Exposure to Testosterone
2 |" i' \. z% Q3 ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ P. w% b7 ~9 _( e2 I9 H
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 N% u4 @' U  T% |# r5 f0 j( m0 ^Clinical Pediatrics
0 J" C! @# q" s3 `5 OVolume 46 Number 6
& _, W# _2 R+ G0 D8 c2 aJuly 2007 540-5433 s3 c6 N. m" V! o2 u# ?3 |
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 l6 G( n3 g/ D: e! p1 z0 Q10.1177/0009922806296651
; Q/ B3 v4 s: E4 r% i" lhttp://clp.sagepub.com
# {+ e) ]7 ?% h' @7 C8 T2 Hhosted at
; r- ?( s* S: B  y# `http://online.sagepub.com
; o( ]9 I. p* K0 n0 V, Y( U" XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* g4 e9 @9 Z3 A  ~+ ~0 f5 eis a significant concern for physicians. Central
# Y: Y1 d6 [0 X" J) a+ U) N% gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 S2 w0 ^  n- K* a, ]. gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: S% z; f- \3 V2 M* M6 s6 _a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  d. N0 U! ^/ y* N/ ~4 i- G8 \lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 T2 x7 X5 P3 j: F, Z. {8 w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 b8 a/ E/ n0 j4 @+ Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! o$ i' g  \, _- O% ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 `" i5 W2 T3 Z  d3 J6 }* `0 greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 c+ v% H, Q8 k+ t& Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 c9 ~; {7 g. ]" ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& ]* ]+ Z0 h6 k  F, C/ J/ s& Wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% |# p( o; n  n, q, R6 _the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( F+ w' C5 D- H$ [8 B# Rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' ~. T! A, H# g& S- lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of& Q+ |  z8 a+ a5 c: i  A$ k% U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 f% z* i: t" c6 @- m
bly more common than the rare case report in the* U2 M; ~& U$ g+ Q) r" G
literature.4# W3 j  ]3 ~5 k3 z* m5 W
Patient Report' R: i5 v1 j- T$ g" X
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 ^& S% Z' Y( f  vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" }5 M; u9 B9 I/ \- d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% d8 o1 Y2 V* Z& u! Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
  U7 Z4 Y7 I0 h5 Y- V$ G- OFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 \+ Q& i. O: X$ H1 mSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ ]8 g% G6 a4 |9 A0 k; l9 ?2 g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ E4 K. N0 a/ e: @Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  _1 }/ l0 Y" \$ JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* }0 q' l  L3 n" ?" n
e-mail: [email protected].
; Y. e9 b+ J: _+ q# d) p' cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 G' Y0 e0 r- k. ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% E) f  R5 u2 }# |3 a5 I7 sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ ~3 |3 e# m, K& \0 p+ I1 S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 h8 e  \- [% x/ ^) \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 [, Y7 V5 [# Y: U0 x, Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 x6 q' _1 `1 [# X& }! ~; Vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with) T; {* d/ ]! p$ f' k6 ^; u
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% A( G- \  `* ~3 ~) P
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 q" }8 ]% z# c7 E' `was age appropriate.
+ [" L" H( _( W! D/ S5 y! NThe family history was remarkable for the father,
  r& L) Q. B) G5 j8 bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ @/ L! v% O6 Q' j& H6 v$ Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* @) c6 j9 d( J/ d) zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: _0 I/ U9 P, E  O' v3 f. e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 o( f+ Z6 B3 x3 z: WThe father denied taking any other medication. The9 J6 [* E  n3 H
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. x8 M) t; l$ N9 _2 d5 `) S% i0 Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' F2 Z& |2 v9 p' v* r0 O
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# D( ?) {& h6 G; ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 C* o: c# F8 B! H1 T" ?tives. There were no siblings.: K  l7 A' ?6 B" [& T
Physical Examination
6 s' S: }* c3 O8 b; J, W6 CThe physical examination revealed a very active,
5 |- C& k2 V0 B& X* l; pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* S( F) A: F& C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. s1 i) K% a2 N+ P0 Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' R1 O( {9 M2 U% r3 m$ k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' u: e& f3 g. o9 f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. t7 }+ Z2 Z; ^8 n0 Z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 ]* }. Z6 j/ B4 W5 Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- q. g5 W' H, s% a, \- o5 }" ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 ]  Q3 _1 z& `3 v% ?8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; J) x, Y4 j3 q8 j; ?% |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 z! P9 V9 L* J, m8 R540$ x! P" P( s) @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 K: o3 i5 m! d# |5 ?. K; e/ x. ]( y! Dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' }- E( [# Q* E9 N; ?- w& c9 S
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! @% y3 F6 m, Z: Q' `$ t3 \& v( ?The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 l/ S# R% Z" O! X1 Q' Q6 g6 i5 i; _oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 O+ D5 s# W' {1 J) i
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 J1 W7 Z5 v7 |) z3 M9 W$ XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( _" A) h$ r, `bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) r# p& _- T; F  d' T" b9 Q7 Aof papilledema.
+ m2 F6 f1 A# c8 vLaboratory Evaluation0 q8 Q. T7 [0 o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by& ~; {5 r( g/ ~6 U5 W2 i* Y0 H' O: M
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* N6 F; L" |; L5 V# ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( B6 f9 _: b% k; |7 Z) x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* K, h4 x5 [, p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 J) o9 g- G  e* n) A" O
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 H' ~: U( |5 k9 D3 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' k( N3 Y! H+ _/ \, Ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 B$ G  T0 S+ b" \9 `
within normal range for his age. The concentration
* O* b6 l0 L% h9 ^# V) L" j& Tof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, V7 [2 @$ y9 f0 I(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 E, P8 }' o' x. ^5 U5 U% |ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 K: t) @. x' c, l# N0 ], [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 A& _+ h$ I$ n) q( R
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 s0 w' M( u2 W: i1 g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 J2 t# d9 q3 D; f. A- F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
4 f7 {9 L2 {2 n* S8 R( a$ Ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total7 }0 p4 a8 z. L5 N
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 Z. U( i7 G( Fand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 i* x  f8 ^, g" }7 ]1 u: r0 @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ j1 T/ v/ Q/ ^/ a) Q: j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- Y% o1 f& P9 u7 {; g& y0 Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. O3 i: R: i' ^8 a  u1 ^(prepubertal).
0 ]$ n7 \) C# QThe parents were notified about the laboratory
% f* O8 J4 l2 y/ m" y, y9 Jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
+ ^  @2 A, V( s8 \normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 Z  M6 ^/ K- v# z$ Efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# e. c2 |' V6 v: Y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. L9 P& E* Z! Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.' \! Z3 i/ m1 D& a+ C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 O. s* F: \4 L, M+ n6 z6 M
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- w8 a  d8 R3 v' _' l2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 @5 F3 Q, i. [: S& }- Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, C$ {" W( q* k# o$ n$ zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 \7 M. T1 o+ z6 \# m4 |the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
/ F9 Z4 o. w, Y- y9 J( g, z9 \mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' f: R! @9 \1 F( L! e: j) R7 J- @% ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 ]% S* \2 ?* A
ing frequent erections.
+ h! a% l2 |7 _. o1 |( n) @Both parents were again questioned about use of2 j' T8 z6 f( N0 ~4 O2 b( V7 I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ M% y. P* H* j8 x, E- U( ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 `" {8 G8 a1 k+ F+ O7 J: z5 dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 F% @7 F4 ?3 D8 F$ w4 e# u! O2 j
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& G- M8 E' f" [: W/ ^/ ]ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, J/ ^7 d: Q6 z* A' P; l
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 i6 ?7 F8 g# N& y& @to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) e; [! j* c( Z" _0 r) C& d% T, |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: j5 @# O  n0 o9 O! F0 nsecondary to depression.5 k# J; t1 u; M6 T3 X
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; J8 |+ L) \+ l9 d: V1 ~6 k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 S: t# ^9 ?, X7 Y+ w  ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% [; q" ~9 Q: f7 s" B0 J  X0 X% N9 lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ s- F9 ]* N* ]1 |) u0 L) P, aThe father also admitted that after the phone call,3 t6 ]3 i9 L5 L/ {( {
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 c3 D  x4 H. J. W) t
was high, he then read the product information
6 [( T* }5 M- x2 T* [" g( S. v1 ~packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; k/ @6 E6 w4 g0 j5 F: ^% eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. |0 v& N/ U. ?9 Z& Mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 ?/ V: M/ n0 a3 X* h. r: F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had' u3 B* b! ^; O5 s  i1 i1 R/ b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) g; F: q; {; B9 N4 j, i, Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the. N/ O. m" H" x* N7 c* U$ \' q
laboratory to obtain the test.& C+ i( D) P' W3 k  }& ]
Discussion
4 i/ E, Q1 r% V- JPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
' p) _* R5 V: u  \( b- u! osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& f. [5 F2 c; Y0 d3 N
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% j; V1 a7 J* d3 {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 S, [( t$ Z2 C' N# J; w, B/ [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 R( H' a2 F2 d' i* f* c4 P2 e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; s6 ~) L# n& c' C$ Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: y. U- K* z7 P  p: t; o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& U, Q* x6 V7 ^4 b$ ]% }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 E" h( l7 q) \% z4 m$ Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 I, o0 f. ^) \+ s, d$ U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, f! N, I6 R% k, g* F
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) T+ m9 K7 V; O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, V! w4 @* z- K0 S
gonadotropins.1,33 e* [, C# S8 A
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
  e  X* Z* S8 |$ v; ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 U" b; b) c8 z' K7 O5 a
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 G# A% n: o5 n* X' Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 K8 G. o/ r' b& {% V* b
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ D( n, _8 |, S9 j' [9 W$ A8 _: l
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, t+ G' t- P$ B
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 t' Y* C2 U4 I0 F5 |8 gpuberty in boys.3,4
; v- q1 K/ y- Y- ~' \The most common form of congenital adrenal  I  o+ C. R% l4 w( s! l. w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 Q; C( s" s) s& GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 \5 K( ^& B. J, x6 F5 P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. c4 q4 }8 L' b1 z/ W8 F0 e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 E( J$ `/ ?' z1 x+ X
excess.1,3+ ]. I! R3 j8 t* V7 t/ h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& }5 k1 H0 T; O! p; [' O0 z/ K542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 {( l. U; E; z" V- l. E8 Y( _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 j4 @; f( I# W! m3 D. V9 K
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
. |! F7 P2 d9 ]8 r% qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 ^, J- d, q# C! D/ I1 lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
; Q& x* A2 n0 twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
' Q# k- F" d8 C3 l* f7 ^+ Nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( l: S; B. i2 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 s: ], f+ {* Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  h' k( @9 Q: _9 Q$ G8 V; ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* Y) G. c1 z. w" `
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 ^5 H. j1 ?. E& S  o( X0 O( Oautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& b. g9 m7 r! h# n" m8 ~males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ _' q: p) a  L4 Jmay have similar precocious puberty.33 C. e8 c* q, O. ~$ ?  A% X
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
: e4 \3 Q7 J: P# zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* y1 M" ]1 @+ s0 qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 A& s3 L7 o5 ]9 H; t2 y
was in the differential diagnosis because his father! l7 G+ i; o4 I0 Q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* E# J3 h# N* ~2 a! y) n) k
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 i( _5 }  P+ r3 G) r: x. V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ U" u& ]1 ]! x' Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 l: |3 ?6 D5 a; H8 f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ S/ V% ^+ f- Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) M5 V# \& k0 r# Zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ v! |: r7 C9 q4 D; u1 k" ?- Aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 A; j/ F$ Q- L& j& y. e
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 m1 F; @1 Z2 Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 M. j/ X9 e1 B( n6 ]the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  q8 W- s' b( Q: l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 b' @6 O9 P* j( s' K7 |% f8 c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  [5 b# t3 ]8 S3 |8 sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" e) ~) O# ?' s7 Wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; b! ~) `# N3 C( H* x' c) L/ S1 B8 zDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 t, z) v" S" }3 n1 `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 n! C3 R! f  w% R" O! junprotected females through direct skin exposure.. s% X7 c6 P( Q; p( u+ w+ Q. e. w6 D
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ D6 u4 J2 @" \- k! Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ D" }& ?: L1 [- F. yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ _. s* q3 }9 c5 ?& Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- m& r9 ]& Q% Ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 c' `+ i2 v, F" W0 _3 P3 q  ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,3 T3 `" p: c7 e. d/ g
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( V" R3 k& o8 [3 y! ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 Z) P5 P7 ?; @- l0 T* j* `
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ s( m- Y- `2 z4 n5 z9 @" Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone& [1 f9 ~- b2 y: G: y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 ]" |7 A2 B- ^* V, R8 |# T" X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( f, W' ~& g/ g$ Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 n8 I% ^6 x: |: S+ G3 {2 ?6 N$ Tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 f, P3 e5 g6 J% c
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ W4 o3 I; [2 f) f# U/ @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, T; T# b4 x* H0 a
early childhood on pubertal development and final( l: F$ ~% f+ @
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! @+ ?2 A; H5 u% a" k0 u8 B' O9 va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 w% ~0 F2 m" Q* d. u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 T8 C/ D0 U- l5 ]acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* x  {: D/ ]6 k: W: ~
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 i- ?, O* V" L; G+ o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& L% @7 |9 b) Y5 k7 h) f5 N$ I$ m
There are conflicting reports and controversy
, l1 H; ]9 D% l2 j; Z, U3 N; kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" p( h9 T% Z5 ]  ^
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 o  U* q1 M) y1 Madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' V" O: w) I! m; Q. r$ F' G- W
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 F! `1 {! G8 w! s  f
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: H2 W) o/ Q6 @2 h" ]
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 E: o0 U7 C+ o- q6 m+ x1 }$ ?7 Rpenile length in clinical studies.
1 E1 Q* `- q9 O4 u+ [Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) Q6 x  E" g$ d) o" W5 v7 |/ ^1 @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 M7 p% R, @" t' L3 {* ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ N% }& w$ u, ~! u) athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 b5 z' v0 m* S4 W+ ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of; w, ^/ a- `4 W" z2 p  E- D
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) `( P/ l5 [/ a8 z* B. Q( B& ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, V$ L8 R# s6 a( k: H( y! \height will not be affected.; t( T4 e) W! O9 V1 a: y/ o
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! K1 A- Q5 `0 g  C8 o& u
ability of androgen products in our society may# q. d( Q7 l1 g1 H' S7 g
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: i+ h0 x7 j: B  echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' ~2 M7 P7 h4 I* E
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( ~' ^7 k) N9 x2 J) f0 v  Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or( G# J4 F: K9 Y
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 ~- \, f7 M  M% S" E3 u' A) B/ x( Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" y1 |0 p$ Y( \. Q0 s8 b, Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" D8 ~1 l. ^. r! n: T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* b  c: X+ c4 D9 e
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 P8 `* ^' v1 b1 j4 zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( l( [4 o3 ]1 b
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 U, Y7 Z4 O7 X$ \* Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
9 ]; V2 R4 W& ^& I# Aaware of this fact, because most of these children" Y6 d3 x2 [$ f) g  D" K& W: Y6 X
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* O7 z) c8 T% G, ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ Y% Q" d3 |2 `. q( g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# {) \% w9 k) P" x  @3 L
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ O- o1 ^4 v2 C9 Q1 qone using any of these products.
4 J! c% b$ B6 S: bReferences
2 _7 _4 O$ w& `! o9 `8 y3 g0 z8 ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ P" K& \( |  Y/ i* T
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! h. A! I! \  C
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
8 O4 [. H' p- _  ]; N$ p& h% ]9 _2002: 565-628.4 m% u8 D7 B  P) Z) L
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 v2 N. r  f2 X# s; Y3 Z$ a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' ?% \9 O# x; y# G, D  ~; qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 u' h: u5 E, w( H' oExposure to Testosterone0 F% k4 h' |5 P) u! b: y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 g% @6 ]" ?( ^2 Y' h! Uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 L" \; T; v) @# C, V
Clinical Pediatrics
8 H8 ]8 K$ c' QVolume 46 Number 6! c3 W6 U6 _7 B( D" S, I7 q/ h
July 2007 540-543
/ \% L: e6 L0 J( I© 2007 Sage Publications
' b1 @0 J2 C4 Q8 {$ m10.1177/00099228062966510 q; l5 e* T6 \6 a
http://clp.sagepub.com! q% V6 m/ Q2 `# J6 ^+ |% ~7 |5 }
hosted at8 ^- v# t9 s5 k  k: ]
http://online.sagepub.com
+ H: x& D. f7 }. v7 DPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
4 w% S- U# l9 N2 d  ?is a significant concern for physicians. Central! p0 e4 q/ `# S2 n$ h3 q. N
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 s' b3 P+ Z9 w. Vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
8 A9 j2 {0 V: S) ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system: Z& R6 u- g: \/ h/ e" U- ]) J
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  v' I1 x$ I! \6 f/ g0 l( ?2 ?by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 R* G+ ~! j; h  ~/ X# d% z2 V- @3 Fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 A$ f* ~( T3 V
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 b' J" i7 p# r/ v+ [- r6 qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the% d* U6 u0 Z" y4 P7 z6 ^, \9 N
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, E& W9 A1 j+ U/ }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# _; X; g% b) ?0 e  T0 p; q& pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% N4 I* c- r8 P% c: pthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ e- r9 r; H& @  @7 d6 c" a2 e5 L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ B; a! {  ?2 y0 q: Z( Z9 Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) U7 @  [. e& F1 Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" l( s0 R" _4 ?) u' V; J
bly more common than the rare case report in the
# B6 G# X2 i: F! e3 p8 tliterature.4
+ x; W6 v- x: m/ X1 rPatient Report4 }- ~1 Q, ^/ Z) s' h# D: v$ D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ s$ n9 W# S/ j6 M2 M
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- H% q' @) K: u  L; o; wof early sexual development. His mother noticed) f0 i4 Q, p$ N- ]0 J  |8 N4 [
light colored pubic hair development when he was
1 A4 k! c2 p9 s# }" hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. [; y- q$ N* _' N, f5 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 V  @; Q, s2 ^+ {( ^; X+ |5 {
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, O* e, M' U9 q2 L% ?Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 m. n1 y, P3 j( r, M# J# CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" y  h/ h- {( d9 |( b0 f
e-mail: [email protected].) |8 C) b$ {3 g9 x: K
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: Z* p7 E: g, b# G! L1 Z4 p2 D* G" r# ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 o9 ~! s. J& ~. Nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! U/ `3 S# b: ^9 L& M
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 b1 F8 d8 M, X3 x5 v/ Z/ `3 C" x0 R6 ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' `4 b6 T2 H# `20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- i" L! ]  l5 P
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& B3 E% J) Q) C) ^* b- }3 `4 Psolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! V. n, u9 ]$ [: _* S+ x2 Y7 ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% X+ j5 A% ]) ^2 I/ n( @was age appropriate.
2 |! h& L8 m2 ]2 Y. X% OThe family history was remarkable for the father,
. D3 d# [3 _* P+ H, G0 a, ^who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; V# t; i: f1 f% G0 owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* m, n5 o1 J3 r$ P  v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 F/ A$ \8 z% \5 s
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& W* }5 ]) V" J8 w% V
The father denied taking any other medication. The% G- i; V' P" U- i  p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  W, N/ d# z3 O2 M# ~2 k
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- B$ Z! Z! W3 H) `9 _& s5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# D' m' G8 V  l+ Y/ l1 L. d+ h: pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, W  R  Z2 e) ^: i7 c! B7 N) Ptives. There were no siblings.
- h' s0 p9 j4 k8 v, H$ S6 ^Physical Examination& s# v& {* @9 }% _9 ?
The physical examination revealed a very active,; @$ x" r( d: ^- Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 ^" B8 ]3 p! B- ]$ o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) R. c4 q4 U# A$ Y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: g- L! }% E, a! Q% @1 W(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ b% E9 U; Q- `0 v+ A: f) Cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ y* y$ E& A4 a% b
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) P: ~9 u2 {( u/ v% T" r7 s  b  T
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 H/ ?! m# T( S# f9 K" menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; o1 \. D, y6 X; w8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 I$ V! k$ a# X# }! m7 Y% odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ v- ]5 l, T2 u! P5 {8 z% A  H5406 ~  x  S# ^6 l" L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( m$ E9 o3 r: Wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, b+ T5 L0 X% @& Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 ]. W2 f& g/ d& ?$ s9 a, ^
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. g5 K% L$ H  L' W/ N9 w. @oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 f( D- S1 x3 U/ ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 s& H0 J1 _6 }' y2 ]4 v; k
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 `* q$ d& y6 l5 w( P  e9 A# @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 R9 c* c9 @! c
of papilledema.
, c7 r" T" S( u3 I5 Y$ uLaboratory Evaluation
* |0 a1 D5 F/ k- P; KThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- q% W4 d, t) D" Musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; u% P6 g( t+ E3 V8 g- e- c& k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 b3 E; s: U. ^1 K" [3 R2 Q0 i9 Mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 N8 O7 u, W3 a4 d2 C4 N4 R
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* c6 N% k2 G7 o* \$ Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 T- F  M' b' S! @$ t7 p- pThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 P( Z3 f1 T; I0 p  ?/ G2 yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! n$ T, y, o" N2 D3 F# r- C. Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
/ ^8 |/ Q' N& u2 e  V6 Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- Z( w, _: S, t8 j0 k. U2 c1 \  g(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) T) a2 `$ s, g3 I! s" m. tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  N! \1 n+ k, s/ }3 Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# j1 f" x- I8 v( \" @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- a2 U& a( v/ s$ }8 d49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): v5 I2 V9 F: |- F" X; R& m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' i) x3 y2 b! t0 V" i: i  \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 x/ J+ H- a$ Q! s
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 I: ^1 K9 I8 E! {- x4 M- ]: Iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- s8 T. r& ^7 ~% X3 F" k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 ]7 v5 N, r; l/ g& b5 Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ G+ a' M7 P. H. _& C" c- lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
) s* I, M" p" h' Q, J/ n, M(prepubertal).# [/ p4 t" \* w3 {$ k- u
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 H* h3 B9 |7 I& Z1 L) F: hresults and were informed that all of the tests were
) n2 Q' P5 h; `  R9 k; s7 lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The$ Z% _  v6 m6 w" k! y* V; c) C: k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ N% m  M- g4 i: r' i6 @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" T6 ]$ C( b- [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' m7 Z7 a4 J( c( W$ {; ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
5 v3 W: ?' a$ R) f! achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# J( l- j$ ?. ?- G2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ r2 v8 R  ^- h4 O  Lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" N) C. p3 ]  {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# [/ k/ k/ m  x& Rthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 Z8 b6 l" W( i" }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* G+ A: |6 E' tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 G# M3 h9 W) L1 ~4 B' P
ing frequent erections.1 _/ N  G, T/ T# l9 M* J( @! y
Both parents were again questioned about use of% _# P  H5 E4 J! |
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( x& G" D# [6 }' Gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ l5 t' q$ ~/ q! M. d$ dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 h" L7 B4 Q8 S* }use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* E) `- `8 L1 h' [' S' t
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 p& A' C! }5 `  V2 w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 J8 V9 N  _; T# u7 I8 T6 [* b% P. }to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ R4 X! ?5 u8 w9 f, c; z# V+ d' Iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! l1 C, ]9 ~5 Q. z1 x' I! X* i' Nsecondary to depression.
" i. \3 L; P; j+ dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
  v0 b0 U6 W" S  k0 e9 H* `/ P* EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, g- A: M+ b* _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 h4 G4 Y% D* l) Anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 ~( `# l! G* A
The father also admitted that after the phone call,. |5 w$ E% {) {6 a7 ]. B/ ?, M& J
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ i" j0 z8 ^( N2 `4 Uwas high, he then read the product information2 b9 L! x7 U8 L/ Z; d$ B, K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 ~( ^0 h; g2 u1 H3 Z: e1 uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 F2 N+ R& ?+ b+ ]) N* s5 V6 O# g0 X8 @decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 k% ^! n! ]( ^+ A$ d9 P) lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 s* T! d0 p, W. v4 o- u( K# n
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ p7 y7 y) t' a4 ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 x* i( J+ D! x$ S8 Qlaboratory to obtain the test.$ Z5 }6 _, O9 i* F
Discussion* [# m, N: a; B& Q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary& o2 z/ k, x3 Y$ m8 f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% ]# j# ]7 I4 t3 i' [Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 p  ?$ r4 y9 Wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 ?8 ^3 X1 f0 K- [" y, @& G7 k# \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ d8 R9 h4 e* l/ P
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) ]: N& W2 E8 H) o+ O; m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is+ C$ B* M) X5 ]/ Q+ A0 w7 @
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 i! u4 v6 ]2 I5 |0 W
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 d- X& `, f% w) D( n* bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 x( o: p7 [) O' A1 s+ C  B9 mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ s0 t* U9 E- R0 e0 Tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  ?2 G4 t6 k) Prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 j+ R0 b  y2 L: w; L3 `" u, `gonadotropins.1,3
4 O! z: \- J6 f( hGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 u2 B: l  y* [
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( e( `/ |9 t$ P8 Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ T& h' e- B% y! q$ Q$ I& s
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; p/ ?2 U* ~  I: y0 C$ G
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 ]7 F( S3 W5 f1 T0 Q9 J# Y8 d0 Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) \! H! m& V/ A5 W$ k. h+ l/ e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# ?; `3 U, E0 ^7 K& a- f# spuberty in boys.3,4) W8 p5 h/ j) H$ ^! R: A
The most common form of congenital adrenal5 T) l8 g% k8 d4 u6 l
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ c! i+ X% I* A5 ?0 i3 a# w
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 @0 D, f+ W* n! s! U! gexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 E; n4 k" q! D. V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! t3 K% D+ |2 ~5 M& mexcess.1,3
$ k$ {$ @! a! V* \% Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; K5 \* B3 R; ?4 Y0 h$ y$ {% n542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& c' I, R- D& W% A+ T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-: F7 }/ }! r: d) T: _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 _2 m6 u# Y( w# q8 Cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ s4 f" O  B" v7 T" dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys$ i9 z9 _) x/ E+ z, U
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: {( w9 c% b$ g9 y* A6 T( D4 ]1 S0 ~including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys' w# b8 ]) p( x+ Y0 ]
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& L1 [! ]7 p- M* t' Z8 xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- B$ Z4 g# K" [8 t+ ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- G% U) h8 @# S! d9 i( S. e& nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% O, }3 Q- i! L5 v8 a% Q5 F1 A- H* g
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# z, S& i$ Y# V+ D9 {  @males; therefore, other male members of the family
* V0 B' y1 A* n/ l& k& t3 \9 ^may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ A0 ^: d; l. f8 z& G7 y* JIn our patient, physical examination was incon-& R' s; x8 T8 Y  U% R4 n' S1 w4 U
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. T- a  ?$ M) Q5 L6 C% R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ Y  c, U1 n9 U% v+ v( w$ Kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' h6 G$ G: T% ~2 |  G( Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( u3 ^# W& t4 q' ?0 G+ Y1 }1 utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the! F6 h* R( G4 ~. |4 ]; [9 W8 R. _
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 T; G* k8 E3 p- d7 {  m9 G$ ]ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 k9 T+ h. X0 b% Y0 ?" jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 g! d  r( E1 e
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ @" W0 r8 m5 F: ?. S/ K+ C2 T# Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# H. l& p) _# }! N! s! wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 Z5 ]) w" v) L% y. |3 }4 CThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) Z# E, ^5 k$ ~& ^- a/ |suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 E. O1 W# e0 s1 Ethe physical examination revealed the complete disap-; P+ O# L" g* I6 L7 X4 Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( c) u; e2 g; F4 E3 T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' w  b9 R% v( Aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  f" K; ?, ~* I6 p* tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 s/ D8 F' @' O! `2 s" I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ M' T, @2 ~, r/ t7 p. L9 n# w2 W
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( Y5 }2 b) _+ \: w4 {+ iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 p9 |$ g. Y- s2 W. {& lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 [9 j% t; {: {! ybaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& N5 O/ C7 A9 Q+ s! s9 H! peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- H* R. D$ A+ x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  }4 C  F5 }: B; C5 g# ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* I: q+ N$ d1 OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 F+ @9 X3 e- z) ^which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 |- s. I8 F( T  @  {2 }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: b' P. {2 H$ G& c+ Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- Y& i; x+ Y% w& [& v( Nactive in young children exposed to testosterone
9 B; Y0 O& ?+ L) E: i8 I  cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 e9 z( i% D; i- _
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# Y1 J3 ~9 |) J0 Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' }& i1 P  U' ]. }! Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, J# U! f0 Q) B- t, q0 i7 \% [" iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( \) c* G4 {+ Q* }  p; k7 d$ ?2 `The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% x, F9 f5 J; C5 j- e
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 v  l% N  i: T7 z* c( S8 u: [adult height are not fully known and always remain3 V* `* e/ {3 }% r) a4 M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 B) E! _0 U* Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 }$ n% }3 h( O8 E. v& d3 E5 D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; v  V/ w1 }5 U) c) ]" @! Fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' i+ M, x. q+ j" Q2 c; [
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 Z3 m9 b% u* K/ }- y8 z! k
There are conflicting reports and controversy
8 J; u6 ?* a4 O2 X9 oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* e3 F, k' d/ [: k0 u( W
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; i4 [& ]* }1 M- `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& ]$ ]. \+ D5 `- ]9 r, @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 c! j/ H* s/ X' l1 ~  I6 t7 MSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, ~) f5 Q2 D9 f) R8 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult. y, U$ i' ?) R- @0 A1 ~
penile length in clinical studies.* s/ [- Y. Q0 c' ~* n7 l6 S, {/ r/ V
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; k" i$ t" F3 K/ e: F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- g) J( [3 d, O! Z' I+ f1 g( U
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 M! b) W1 G# y& l! }( B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ c! J9 a3 u# |& K3 j1 E- X% rAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of& u7 q6 O4 Y$ x" m- k4 D1 ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) h# z$ ^8 N( |( b; W
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, Z- c* f6 M0 d, p
height will not be affected.; K9 L) `$ C2 s2 l3 Q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ t; V7 i7 ~, K1 x4 u. Tability of androgen products in our society may0 e& v, K% ?! I  K4 r* C
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
( L+ C: S- _- B4 F; F* }4 g" Lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, I# f( l/ |$ p% @; b* e& j3 mgen products must be considered and specific ques-, s: |$ j5 ]; p. [! R" s
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( g, k  i+ u8 S/ G  I9 K2 ^1 F; {gel should be asked of the family members during
1 S, f) S- g" b" bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. d4 |6 W  G( m% Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 Z. W( G  E# O3 M7 Onosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 W2 B+ ^, K2 n- m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# U5 S9 M1 o3 r/ b9 @) _1 zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) R3 f3 ]1 F" p. A; ~. G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' f2 H) k3 }3 ]4 u
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ l, ^1 s& z& V! N9 E; e% Kaware of this fact, because most of these children
& T3 D8 U  \: K8 Z! Wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ h$ U- r, C$ ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a5 y& ^* \' b7 ^' O
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  f9 O) l4 ~. G- A- G9 k
female child who might come in contact with some-' c7 d) e: j3 G( U
one using any of these products.$ j, h! ]- z' O! C' R
References
- x8 w! `- a( m) j0 {: [1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 ]; r0 s4 g8 b8 B7 L* |3 mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 k1 o& X; O# M* Z  O7 a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ e3 i: h5 |. q- V
2002: 565-628.2 B$ N' J; ?, n
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ l, Z0 H! [& R1 \" `" h+ `4 j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
$ l7 E- h% M, }- F* v) m! s
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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