- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. u; e9 q" a, K4 K( u3 [
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& Y+ h' w X9 ^- r4 n0 ^; n; l
Exposure to Testosterone. [" Q0 ~: v8 [
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ @/ F: w z5 c; ^- g6 Q: }! p# Z8 x
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, e' g2 |% ?( YClinical Pediatrics" g. O: K4 O+ y# Q: S ^: ~
Volume 46 Number 6; I* ^4 \; i# l3 J! N- t" q
July 2007 540-543# S# d% _4 ]* A3 J8 u) x) G
© 2007 Sage Publications
, l6 C/ X6 Y4 U; t9 } q10.1177/0009922806296651 q# p L- j' F
http://clp.sagepub.com8 ]4 u8 `9 A& M( z3 w
hosted at
' A7 i* c) Q" S4 c& F7 K6 `; J# yhttp://online.sagepub.com; U9 x2 i R! i2 g& J) B
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
1 e) e, a1 o% l+ a, J* G* Bis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 m5 S5 p2 G$ R
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 u/ `6 g$ a6 D* }( O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 w/ E8 _* \1 u8 C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( l8 k) X& q: f" \0 {lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
' {1 J# _3 h2 |by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% Q8 M. n0 x# |
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# C# w: K7 H4 {) g! t: {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ J$ L* g: i& ?4 `! treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: I$ Q- M0 a8 G6 r0 ?enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, Q3 z, ?6 b( X& L. y/ U- D
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due$ u$ i2 L' k% h+ ~+ L6 e2 W) K/ m
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& [) G" f# U! Z1 i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% J4 J1 H% ?7 _: f) Tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: Y- H9 X5 J! k. O+ |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: g1 s% e3 @# ~' v9 S
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' }6 y% l: i& h
bly more common than the rare case report in the
, i3 ^* G% K( X. Aliterature.4
' c* x) s* y" x7 c$ ?! GPatient Report3 z. F9 e; O# H, {+ y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 x) v9 z! i; I( ?& k7 r3 L! v4 Cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 d7 G- _2 d5 d9 f4 aof early sexual development. His mother noticed* L3 G) {3 E7 K! U9 i
light colored pubic hair development when he was
% T9 g1 A( g+ q) u2 ~7 YFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( h, R: K$ W$ C1 |. ]0 ^
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# D; Y4 c/ I3 f! HAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 I" [' F1 E" W8 G( HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% T( h8 b. k7 S
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 d+ U$ |/ z U4 d4 u( ^
e-mail: [email protected]." Y/ d, H4 v/ r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& Z; `$ |9 f, b/ edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* g- G9 g# h3 {! Sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 d3 P# V5 I3 t0 ]4 T
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 m0 }2 n0 u9 c8 o* L1 M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, Q" Q9 A5 h! [6 p5 X+ |1 O! J1 [, _% o20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
& W+ p+ d6 L$ u% K* Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' |0 a8 c& J! m) Tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ f' {$ L1 M! Z* r6 S6 @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) O, ]) Z; D5 O6 ?* ?+ K# cwas age appropriate.
0 y' m) V/ _- m5 a0 {The family history was remarkable for the father,( q5 r. d; e/ y M+ ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 w1 k6 s. I" j, z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" i) Q; l/ y8 J% n& c. sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! Z. ^* n8 f- t% a# L5 t" P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 M4 a1 T) K- k" p5 SThe father denied taking any other medication. The( B0 r1 o$ n1 _
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
0 A+ r+ N1 h6 b: F2 i" P, a/ Fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 E1 }. d, n1 m5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 f. Z5 }, u/ K. r! ~" k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 t* l6 i& q v3 ?: F2 q" o! _8 d4 B
tives. There were no siblings.4 n$ p/ L: p ^4 \5 t
Physical Examination
8 y6 \& k9 L6 T8 n% \The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ S2 k8 C9 C! x4 z3 a, ^+ Jplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: L$ L+ t4 Q" J" j& K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ i. X5 ]1 y5 Q1 [' I( Z o$ F" f90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 L7 M# ~7 `! c% Z/ _$ x(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 b" W0 E6 c! i- z i8 Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 f' ]: e g6 R, {! h, `7 n+ {9 Wthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., v( H o+ O7 B4 P, s% g- M
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& b6 K4 F8 F& _% O0 w/ Lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. P& z( n P. A. {* l3 s5 w" d% X
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
5 G8 F% E4 n3 ]( X. Ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* X" Y( M; Y& Z( p# M540
- g" q( t, q# O. H) ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" q; t- @) _8 A5 K: ~. _" r
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The" T. ]9 B5 o' t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& }! N& z* c8 L
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* q, q1 [" }6 r3 m: ~* h
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' K/ [, W& G% \6 _: F0 k
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots." Z. E9 U4 _, X& r1 b: H# E) v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" H& G8 [1 D/ G7 a6 X- v
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ d- Z- |& z4 d2 ^; k. j3 v& A, C, o* uof papilledema.! V" ^- w3 b/ B7 Y3 M3 g" n
Laboratory Evaluation6 x* f4 a* E$ P6 S5 s. s
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! m7 h% o6 T* f) F* s! j' susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" v2 q) x- X. k: c' m
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 p$ F) m9 ?* `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* A8 l) K/ R. X& C( D
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* U' s" {# @- Z3 k3 E- wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 u7 ]. H( p% ^. L# @* z# b8 u* W9 N
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& z6 [9 C% f& P5 C8 n2 Lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ g) A- o) z9 Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
" I) N7 g2 `- w1 A8 l( \, Iof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 Z) f3 }* ]$ d9 H(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* ]. a" ]5 B; w& ]
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& X+ W" V7 h# Pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 W9 t o5 a8 _5 m/ ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ }. I8 f- W2 q1 k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 o% J# q; m% D- d4 p: b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' z7 ]) u e L2 L( @tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 I8 _& a" ~4 _% E4 q& dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ b9 t! H+ `8 Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; V( h* ], w+ |. ]% B& E6 K' r, E
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# W5 D* V) F( V/ S$ l1 Z4 \$ c( pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 q% ~, g8 U* c5 I9 t1 F# S' E4 econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& s5 ]" u2 ^( \" x8 }& t: [5 A! z(prepubertal).
" j+ R: l$ Z2 Q+ ?' o3 P- W% c& R9 NThe parents were notified about the laboratory- t6 \. \- k5 T' S [
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* Z) K3 k6 v- h* vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The- A+ o# s0 u* T
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
$ g- }* d8 D5 |, P5 ~1 I4 e. \: eobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; h/ z7 Z8 d% wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" @/ J( k6 g" D; \/ p8 e6 pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) D* D. F6 V5 T+ `7 Z: D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* ^# B, P) T: {+ k2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 J5 ^1 u4 Q: h8 t
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 X1 w+ m( [8 k" a* @8 X4 Q1 rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 q- c- D" ]6 N5 W; Q( Hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ k: y) ^2 r6 n K9 Y; w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
Y% Z) K J5 d8 L* J! x {The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 Y! [; [ {: t6 v2 t5 King frequent erections.; \$ K6 b" D4 y# W6 [+ ] b
Both parents were again questioned about use of' N6 m5 W0 s3 E9 p9 o' j
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) F, `5 t9 P' e) F6 M& d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. {5 R. N$ H4 T. v' d5 CTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" o! E+ ] o. W6 w
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ z2 Z9 U' Q0 L7 Z: [! |/ _- H
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ J, [8 T' V- I9 \5 d) C' J( ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ Y" C l+ f! t7 ^/ n; B+ a* {/ \
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 w3 ^! `$ l T$ A+ ^# _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* G9 u8 [& J7 t6 i- e- d4 X' {( a! k) Psecondary to depression.. }: g2 R! X \7 j* M) v( ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 ]* ?( |% a, R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 L# f* y3 p) q- j' J0 a6 m! Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" u/ x2 h. F. Cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* m2 @! b5 _3 G! ~' w# kThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% f9 D, s$ P/ t( P) f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby% e( X# j" s( ?
was high, he then read the product information
1 S [7 D, L4 `6 Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ t4 Z3 c( x; g( v3 q+ Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 E. U& p/ N! w0 N+ `7 W9 x. V) }* Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( J! b2 ]$ W+ T2 U( m- K! X; V% Q9 i
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 \5 Y: M/ h& m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 T! h& i) W5 V% l+ z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 o; p; S: G9 E. alaboratory to obtain the test.
# c! q- Y! T: o( P( y0 W0 U: k$ TDiscussion
# p, ?4 o! u" \% t3 W% hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
Q. G3 c2 x: ?2 g& N. esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% Y0 P9 s4 k/ J/ H% o* `7 D; o
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 i5 [4 K5 d* F" m( c& [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 B5 U5 @9 ?8 s6 ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com- C* S( {* C" W9 j; x" c' a( i$ \
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% T8 k8 R2 D# o7 \
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. L2 Y- A, v' G+ ?* G; ~6 r7 o: p: W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 a2 P5 v% Z: ~, damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 _( U- `2 Z+ }; j4 l& i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 N+ L6 L p( x6 {1 B8 l( n3 J
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. E/ d. P( T9 ~ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
3 [+ V% a* i9 Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ p: a8 C) L" H {8 ]' n! Dgonadotropins.1,3, K6 \4 b- y0 W* w S
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ W7 `5 V; o5 _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate' W+ d6 I4 Z. P, B, P& Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ {0 @% l7 @% w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 f" T1 n. L( j X8 Aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
c) D, b1 E: S% `. J tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* D# ^( F ]* t. s0 o1 I
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 q3 L0 K8 P, o. cpuberty in boys.3,4' u8 L& g& ? h# C
The most common form of congenital adrenal" h* o0 Z+ a, u0 a7 l! {
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., N' e1 F+ b+ B+ w# F* ^
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( O9 e. o. j' ^7 Q; W; }- pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) U0 O b3 i& O6 z0 b6 m) r, Q/ Dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. G u$ J, {% I: _4 @excess.1,3! Y1 p' `; t6 O' m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) j- {5 |$ Q0 s( ^3 k! E2 {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 n& L6 ]. F8 D. sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* l* U% U$ L1 g' T& O# s
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 f- @. b( g7 x' q0 t2 _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a o- [) n7 k/ u% q C n8 [0 {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# w7 m q& s& N2 O+ n4 Y$ Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
! c8 x" ^+ x& [9 {' g* i: K. ?4 ]including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, h; c4 l; F) i1 C' a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
2 I; d. w; v# u0 u/ A+ u0 }are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; \ O; Y- }' P( r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. o$ J$ X# }: J/ k* ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# w6 J& ~' T `" U
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ j3 ^) Z" L% Z$ S
males; therefore, other male members of the family
; l) n. z( v% |may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 `( a& Y6 b6 M, S+ E9 FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 S$ i( k' M; Y& g& Qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% m, o! c7 R. c C0 U" {8 ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& b$ |; u8 a7 H2 n' o! Q! j. Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
D8 Q5 b5 Y& ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 c- ~, U& r9 U/ k
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
2 u9 O4 X; R2 h; r1 fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# C$ Z' h! Q8 I' Z6 {ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 u0 \1 a: Z- R) P# z1 \" w
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) v+ N2 u! O* Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 H8 Y: M5 t2 Z1 W: k0 Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& i+ I1 j6 \' C/ R% U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( k& U0 Q, t- v8 p1 ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 P5 J ?6 s6 _2 | |& y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* d" R% G1 l8 F2 o2 Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ `4 q: F9 T" z6 N- ]pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( K( @8 A6 B8 i% hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 l5 |+ w+ O6 C' P
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! z" }& w. f( @8 i. [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 ~3 Z8 E( E1 U* d. r2 J6 n, \1 NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- D$ @& P: T7 M0 O0 i( h! e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; H/ h: g8 X! z1 H3 @unprotected females through direct skin exposure., {" G# {, V1 V3 ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ r1 o; t3 M) g' H. X4 N2 jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 O ^: u0 W" a2 I- t ?5 F' v7 {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 e3 G' b( y7 Q3 V" V; p @0 E
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 u/ A0 P0 G$ W4 T$ @/ `; T5 |" c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 b3 V$ L2 P3 n6 n
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; W; u* |- _/ Y! X- y* Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" Y8 k7 P* S0 a6 ?1 | H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; y7 K7 }7 q' C( ]
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* W* Y8 _) o% U
active in young children exposed to testosterone* c" N! u( J8 ~, M0 y* K; v+ F" I
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
z# E1 q4 {: A( W. h, ?. n$ K: A6 ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ i1 i/ `* ~( m7 ?) Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in, a3 K- x* C( y0 z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and4 p8 _ P/ S' O1 A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! y1 q; V1 }& T [: q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during( X: C9 h, U3 A7 U2 S/ U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
F' \# k! [4 f4 @3 w2 M* {+ e$ H! Yadult height are not fully known and always remain3 a% j' [; L! \ r/ F* n
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 j5 [* K( s/ Z' C3 c0 B5 U
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, y6 t# u! ?$ c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- _- D' y% n6 `- X, x
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 {3 m7 I, K" z4 i! O5 C7 qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. v, K2 Z& M0 I% x+ o
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 o s# r6 W# ^! S! rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 n* R' C5 a" M* W7 u1 X
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, f" ^+ m( N& G: cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- k. n+ G" X7 h9 _/ @5 H9 P: K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. |: x% g/ |% ^
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, L! ^1 x- w: W9 g1 tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& _' Z( M. J& ?) h5 A" \
penile length in clinical studies.
4 ^* R, Q$ P( ZNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* L& J: J" _: l6 W2 _; J
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ Y/ H% T2 t: q/ ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 W5 m; {, L% S* `0 s, {* wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) D. s6 ~% ]. LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 Z, U/ b- K% J7 j& |" u& N
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& {5 C( V3 k! _& Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, S# E) C3 T4 N) D( W7 p
height will not be affected., T& t( e4 k5 p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ f5 W, Y0 [' c, J. F0 Lability of androgen products in our society may# k1 q/ l( I* f- t/ ^" T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 t; s9 F. F# m% echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 V- ~% q: P* Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
' {3 V, |7 j' `2 V$ Q, xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ c$ z# C3 e% A8 u7 _# G/ }
gel should be asked of the family members during
% h2 V0 h3 t: ^& @the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
& k; ] Y3 z0 Q, g( h+ v3 }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' d+ z# D# Y t$ Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" Y! E( W$ R1 L Z2 l) T+ |! ?( qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. h3 {+ ~% s) }2 K, l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 f, ~( W( L `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 H. Z( e6 n5 T2 @ yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
; ^% O( R" k, o: Oaware of this fact, because most of these children5 G, n* i0 q- m) B n! J' t
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 `% g. {7 Z/ J* u
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 c2 m/ Z0 g6 z$ Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' z; X# z7 J: mfemale child who might come in contact with some-
- F( i$ ]4 Q! u! ^3 l" gone using any of these products.
) l5 h" [ m* u. e+ qReferences+ H7 z- I) \8 S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 U# u" z' H( l: i7 a% `6 d1 A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 {9 Q" f; n4 P0 G& D0 x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% T( X8 I$ K: }6 v6 S7 k! N2002: 565-628.
f; @' u A$ q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# Z7 N1 D8 P/ m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|